How is ATP formed in chloroplasts

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How is ATP formed in chloroplasts

• Chemiosmosis
• Electron transport provides energy for the
  hydrogen ion pump.
• The hydrogen ion pump provides energy for ATP
  formation.

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Chloroplast Structure
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What do you need to demonstrate to prove
chemiosmosis?

• That light via electron transport drives hydrogen
  ion transport.
• That hydrogen ion transport drives ATP formation
• That ATP formation takes place only in closed
  vesicles.

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Light causes hydrogen ion transport.
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Hydrogen ion transport drives ATP formation.
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Controls etc.

• Experiment carried out in the dark
• Electron transport inhibitors added

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How do we show that intact vesicles are required?

• Break vesicles and
• Hydrogen ion transport is inhibited.
• Acid -base ATP formation is inhibited.

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Why do we need intact vesicles?
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Similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplast

• Both have electron transport chains
• Both pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane
• Both use a hydrogen ion gradient to make ATP

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Carbon Dioxide Fixation

• The Calvin cycle
• RUBISCO and Photorespiration
• C4 and CAM

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The Calvin Cycle
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How was the Calvin cycle determined?
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Photorespiration
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Results of Photorespiration
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So what do we do?

• C4
• CAM

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C4

• Tropical grasses
• Corn
• Sugarcane
• Crabgrass

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C4 Photosynthesis
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C4 - Photosynthesis
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C4
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CAM

• Succulents
• Cacti
• Pineapple

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CAM
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Comparison of C4 and CAM