Lateral

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Lm²

• Lateral
• manoeuvring
• motion

Cpt. Filip Van Biervliet Aerospace Engineer

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Flight training evolution last 25 yrs

• Then 9hrs base training, 40 T/G, 11 G/A, 7
  full stops

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• Now 40 mins base training, 6 T/Gs

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• Last 25 yrs SHIFT
• from Pilot to Operator
• from Flying skills to AFS operation
• from Hard skills to Soft skills
• from Understanding to Applying

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• Advanced cockpits
• LCD PFD/ND, integrated AFS (AP/FD/AT), FMS, TCAS,
  EGPWS, PWWS, GPS, VSD, flt path vector...
• Airlines recommend maximum AFS utilisation
• New training concepts SOP, CRM, MPL...

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• nowadays
• ALL flying is AFS (AP or FD) dependent
• NO training on
• raw data flying
• adverse weather (windy) approach / landing

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Any reason for concern?
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• RWY 29L 360/26 gust 34
• Soft skills?
• - CRM, SOP
• Hard skills?
• - trained and skilled
• pilot

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• UK CAA Paper 2004/10
• Flight Crew Reliance on Automation
• Data are scarce on whether loss of manual
  flying skills occurs among the crews of highly
  automated aircraft, but anecdotal evidence from
  interviews and from earlier studies indicate
  that there is a concern in the aviation
  industry.

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• Flying 900 hrs/ year shorthaul, a typical pilot
  
• is in manual control
• for 2 mins / flt 30 hrs/ year
• Go around a procedure involving
• change in
• config, speed, direction, early level off and
  ATC switch-over
• Several airlines impose crosswind landing
  restrictions on F.O.s

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Source Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet
Airplane Accidents Boeing 1959-2005
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NTSB aviation accident database 1-1-2002 until
30-5-2007 Part 121 Air carrier 351 records, 15
handling related leading to veering of the
runway bounced landing tailstrike runway
excursion
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Typical NTSB conclusion The pilots failure to
properly apply crosswind landing techniques to
align the airplane with the runway centerline and
to properly arrest the airplane's descent rate
(flare) before the airplane touched down
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Could it be that erosion in flying skills (hard
skills) can potentially lead to a breakdown in
CRM or loss of adherence to SOP (soft skills)?
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Sabena Flight Academy Mission Training
the Trustable Pilot
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Sabena Flight Academy

• Ab initio Pilot training, Phoenix, Arizona
• 225 pilots in 2007, fleet 40 a/c (incl 1
  Eclipse jet)
• FFS (6) training center, Brussels based

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• Fly !!!!!!
• Navigate
• Communicate
• Organise

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SFA training approach maximum fidelity in FFS

• Train KEY handling reflexes
• skills which must be mastered,
• and which are
• not inherited by nature

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FFS motion problem

• Poor motion fidelity during lateral
  manoeuvring
• spurious side forces
• or
• no motion cues
• Nausea visual and motion
• perception do not match
• Unrealistic landing training

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JAR-STD 1A.030 Level D Zero Flight Time
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Get rid of motion? (NASA/FAA B747-400 study)
NO!
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Get rid of motion? (NASA/FAA B747-400 study)
NO
As a pilot, you are entitled to maximum motion
fidelity !
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Lm²

• Lateral
• manoeuvring
• motion

a control method for enhanced FFS motion fidelity
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(No Transcript)
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lateral specific force due to linear acceleration
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specific force due to angular acceleration
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specific force due to g-tilt
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real A/C roll motion
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60s, 3 D.O.F., only roll
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6 D.O.F., almost perfect simulation
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generic motion, roll and sway wash-out
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Lm² 1st featureRoll acceleration
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Lm² roll onset, no side forces
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Lm² 2nd featureLateral specific force
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real A/C roll motion
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Lm² side forces due to A/C roll
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Lm² combined
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Simulator flying could actually become fun for
the first time, and much less sweaty Flight
International 06-03-2007
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Lm² conclusions

• A quantum step towards FFS maximum realism which
  pilots are entitled to

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Lm² conclusions

• A quantum step towards FFS maximum realism which
  pilots are entitled to
• Lm² roll and yaw rotational onset with 100
  fidelity of side forces due to these manoeuvres

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Lm² conclusions

• A quantum step towards FFS maximum realism which
  pilots are entitled to
• Lm² roll and yaw rotational onset with 100
  fidelity of side forces due to these manoeuvres
• More efficient training
• Landing technique, crosswind app/ldg,
  circle-to-land, base training, military
  (in-flight-refueling)

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Thank you!
Cpt. Filip Van Biervliet info_at_sfa-d.be