Sustainability

1
Sustainability
Winter 2009 Class 17 Jeff Fletcher
2
Logistics

• 1 on 1 meetings today
• If missed last time, be sure to see me after
  class to reschedule
• Reminders for next time
• Read Omnivores Dilemma Ch. 8 and 9
• HW 5 due next class
• Guest Speaker Tom Ricciardi

3
Discussion on King Corn

• What did you learn?
• Most memorable facts?
• Does it change the way you look at your food?
• How much of your spending goes towards food?
• Groceries vs. eating out?
• Earl Butz effort to end hunger vs. Subsidizing
  Happy Meals not Healthy Meals

4
Corn and Corporations

• Cargill and ADM buy 1/3 of corn in America
• 3/5 of grown corn goes to feed animals in factory
  farms
• Industrial thinking over logic of evolution
• 4 companies butcher 4/5 cows in America

5
Diseases From Food

• Besides diseases of overconsumption and bad diets
  
• Most common foodborne infections (from CDC)
• Bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli
  O157H7
• Viruses Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses.
• Occasionally foodborne, infections by Shigella,
  hepatitis A, and the parasites Giardia lamblia,
  Cryptosporidia, tapeworms. 
• Foodborne toxins
• pesticides, herbicides
• Natural toxins
• Bacteria grow on food Staphylococcus aureus,
  Clostridium botulinum. Harmful even after cooking
  and bacteria have been killed
• Other poisonous mushrooms poisonous reef fish 
• Fungi that grow on foods, e.g. peanuts

6
Biological Reproduction Differences

• Basic Transcription and Translation of DNA into
  Protein
• Bacteria
• Most scientists consider this LIFE a living
  organism
• Viruses
• Some scientist consider this LIFE, many dont
• Multi-cell parasites
• Giardia
• Tapeworms

7
New Form of Disease Causing Agent

• Protein Structure (e.g. Hemoglobin)
• Prions (proteinaceous infectious particles)
• Stanley Prusiner first coined the word and first
  proposed that these infectious proteins were the
  cause of the disease scrapie in sheep and more
  importantly Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
• Prusiner also proposed that the way that this
  protein multiplied was not though genetic
  information like DNA or RNA, but rather through
  the conformation change of normal proteins into
  rogue proteins.
• Affects nerve cells in mammals
• Cannot Kill
• Not neutralized by digestion, cooking, even
  normal autoclaving
• Kills nerve cells, but slow process

8
Consequences of Cheap Corn Policies?

• In groups construct a causal diagram
• Include as many details as you have time for
• Both positive and negative effects
• Capture as many of the intermediary steps as
  possible
• Example Cows eating corn
• What are upstream causes?
• Farmers get paid more the more they grow, more
  corn on market drives down price, cattle raisers
  go for cheapest calories.
• More subtle USDA grades corn fed beef higher
• What are down stream consequences?
• Cows get sick (bloat, acidosis), need
  antibiotics, increased resistance, increased
  human disease, need for more expensive
  antibiotics
• More subtle acid environment causes E. coli and
  other bacteria to evolve to be acid resistant, so
  if humans eat these bacteria are not killed,
  leads to more human infections