Table of content biomass fueled SOFCs

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Lecture 4Systems and applications

• Bin Zhu, 1e forskare, docent
• (KTH, www.kth.se)
• Professor at Harbin Engine. Univ.
• Tel.[phone] Fax [phone]
• emailbinzhu_at_ket.kth.se, binzhu_at_kth.se
• Homepage www.ket.kth.se/avdelningar/krt

Biomass and fuel cells lecture at Helsinki
Univ. of Tech., 2005-10-11
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Content and Key concerning points

• From device to system.
• system integration total efficiency and
  compatibility
• System integration n economic affordable level is
  the key Techno.-econo analysis
• What can be done by new material innovations to
  reduce and manufacture the real-marketing fuel
  cell stack/system?

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Content and Key concerning Points (continued)

• Biomass fuel production and fuel quality
• Biomass fuel processes and cleaning
• Fuel cell stack compatibility
• System integration with high efficiency and
  simplicity
• 5. Practical products development processes

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Bio-fuels and biomass energy production in
Sweden TPS Termiska Processer AB
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Biomass fuelled SOFC
Table of Content 1
From device to Fuel Cell Systems for Power
Generation And challenges concerations
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Basic Fuel Cell System Components
AFTER- BURNER
FUEL CELL
1. Fuel Cell
2. Afterburner (because not all fuel is
converted in fuel cell)
HEAT EXCHANGER
3. Heat Exchanger (to utilize heat generated in
fuel cell and afterburner)
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ILTSOFC for Bio-synGas
AIR
AFTER- BURNER
FUEL CELL
BioG
HOT WATER
HEAT EXCHANGER
COLD WATER
EXHAUST
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PEFC for Bio-synGas
AIR
AFTER- BURNER
FUEL CELL
Pure H2
BioG
SH
RE
SC
STEAM
CO2
HOT WATER
HEAT EXCHANGER
COLD WATER
EXHAUST
WS
WATER
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From Fuels to Fuel Cells
Liquid HC-Fuels
vaporize
BioG
All to CO and H2
Some Bio-fuel to CO and H2
Eliminate all CO
F-process
CO to H2
H2-rich gas mixture
Pure Hydrogen
Int. reforming
Int. reforming
Some CO is OK
No CO
No CO2
SOFC
MCFC
PAFC
PEFC
AFC
Air
Air
Air
Air, no CO
Air, no CO2
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?? ??
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Observations
1. Auxiliary systems like fuel conditioners,
pumps and heat exchangers increase system
complelxity, initial and operating costs, reduce
reliability and lower the system efficiency
2. Internal reforming is one essential key to
success
3. For the conversion of Bio-synGas the ILTSOFC
offers the simplest system
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Biomass fuelled SOFC
Table of Content 2
From device to Fuel Cell Systems for Power
Generation Technical alions/solutions
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Biomass ITSOFC
Solid Biomass
ITSOFC
Biomass Gasification
O2 H2O
O2- H
H2 (CH4 ) CO H2O
F
Air
Coal
Coal Gasification
Fuel recycling
CO2
Condenser Trapping Sx
Load
DC Power
Steam, Heat Recovery
Heat Exchanger
F Syn. fuels H2CnHm
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Biomass fuelled SOFC technical line 1
On-line analysis
HT ceramic filter to remove Solid particles,
cycling N2 Pressure and temperature monitors
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Biomass ILTSOFC technologyproposed cooperation
research

• Biomass gasfication
• Gas processor
• Catalyst electrodes
• ILTSOFC stack engineering modified suitable for
  biomass syngas
• System integration of biomass/fuel and ILTSOFC
  technologies and advances

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Biomass gasfication fuels
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ILTSOFC? One major course facing the today fuels
plus other technical advantages

• Biomass gasification-syngas
• the H2 CO type fuels, the ILTSOFC cell
  reactions take place as
• Anode H2 O2- H2O 2e-
• CO O2- CO2 2e-
• Cathode O2 4e- 2O2-
• Overall reaction H2 CO 2O2 H2O
  CO2.

2. Another concern is that ILTSOFC can be mass
produced with Rich and cheap materials resources
in the nature.
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Novel catalytic electrodes for high performance
solid oxide fuel cells operated at intermediate
temperatures

• Figure 1. Indirect mode of the internal reforming
  process, a chemical reaction of the fuel via a
  catalyst wall before reaching the ITSOFC
  electrode.
• Figure 2. Direct mode of the internal reforming
  process, an electrochemical reaction of the fuel
  in the anode incorporated with the fuel cell
  process.

Fig 2
Fig 2
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Biomass fuelled LTSOFC (B. Zhu et al, Biomass
CFCs, Inter Energ. Res. (2001)
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coal syngas condition
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preferential oxidation (PROX)
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DOE biomass and coal fuel cell
Biomass/coal
Central Power SECA and Hybrids
Gasification
Syngas H2 CO
Hydrogen
Transportation Fuel Cells
Distributed Generation SECA and Hybrids
Geologic CO2 Sequestration
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Sino-Swedish ILTSOFC network and new energy
strategy
USTC
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Bio-fuelled LTSOFCs technical line 2
Bio-gas and various bio-tech to prepare the high
purity H2 from various organic or inorganic
wastes Advanced LTSOFC can tolerate various
impurities, thus direct Operation on
bio-gases/fuels.
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HUT bio-fuel fuel cell approaches
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Direct liquid fuelled LTSOFCsbiomass SOFC
technical line 3
biomass
Gasification/syngas
Liquid fuels, typically, methanol/ethanol
DLF-LTSOFC wide applications, convenient, more
economic and practical
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LTSOFC EV - directly running with existing
hydrocarbon fuels
Tank Gasoline or alcohol mC electronic
controller C converter H2 and CO P High
power storage M Electric motor drive
300-500? No start problem
Simple low cost!
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Alcohol LTSOFCs for EV
C
A
E
V
O2 H2O
H2 (CH4 ) CO H2O
O2- H
Alcohol
Air
Fuel recycling
By-products, CO2
Load
Electricity Generating
Heat Exchanger
Steam, Heat Recovery
0.3-0.4 W/cm2
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Very much more are needed! (1)

• In academy nano-scale platform, all mechanisms
• Ion doping and structural factor (intrinsic),
  grain boundary effect, composite effect,
  (extrinsic) Superion codnuction, two-phase
  composite,bulk, interfacial and hybrid conduction
  can be well merged, a new SSI theory and
  fundamental is very much necessary!!! And new SSI
  branch is required!

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Very much more are needed! (2)

• Continuous technical efforts
• But integrations (at various technologies,
  components, systems level) and innovations

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Very much more are needed! (3)

• Cooperation (national and international)
• Platforms and centers
• Network and joint efforts
• Networked platforms
• Official/governmental and private channels

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Very much more are needed! (4)

• Financial sectors
• Governmental programs mainstrains
• Venture and seed capitals
• Various Private resources various small scale
  ventures are very active and effective components
  
• Various industrial developing funding
• Public or private donations

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Very much more are needed! (5)

• Philosophical factor becomes a real barrier to
  limit innovations and breakthroughs
• Can we dare to lunch (in FC sector) governmental
  programs to finance all FC programs with 1/10
  funding for innovations including complete new
  ideas?Not just improvement?
• Revolution not same as the evolution though we
  need both, but evolution always there, not
  revolution!

Give Reso example
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Very much more are needed! (more and more)

• FC is a great invention 166 years ago! It should
  and certainly will bring the society a great
  revolution!
• Many decades and many generations scientists
  continuous efforts with huge investment, but
  still faces the critical commercializing
  challenges!
• What can we do? What should be done?!

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Evolution and revolution
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Conclusions
SOFC is the most promising fuel cell-tech. No
bottlenecks for industrialization and fuel
Infrastructure, directly using the current H-C
fuels and In the future H2. Currently most active
market applications in various Mobile power,
e.g.,APU,and further development of powertrain
and various hybrid power solutions. SOFC has
unique advantages in stationary power
gene- Ration. All these have exhibited very wide
and strong Potential for market and
commercialization!
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Our activities and future products
Next genration fuel cell
Build on new multi-functional ceramic
materials For LTSOFCs
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Unique ceria composites, super function for
LTSOFCs

• Research impact evaluated by an international
  panel consisting of 6 experts from Canada, USA,
  Denmark, Finland and Austria organized by the
  Swedish research council (VR) in 2004
• This is an important area of research, and Zhu
  has the potential to contribute significantly to
  its development. He is well placed to develop an
  internationally leading role in the development
  of low temperature solid oxide fuel cells.

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Joint ventures Goeta/GETT /Swedish AB/China/USA
industries

• Recently LTSOFC patents licensed Swedish industry
  to initiate LTSOFC industrialization and
  commercialization activities/projects.
• Recently USA joint venture to invest
  Sweden-China-USA venture LTSOFC products and
  manufacture for world market.

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New genration
Joint industrial activities

• ILTSOFC technology scaling up, technology
  developed ready for construction of 12x12 cm2
• Prototype several watts to kW stack in
  construction and developments
• ILTSOFC material optimizations and compatible
  electrode material developments
• LTSOFC material production scaling up
• ILTSOFC fabrication technologies wet chemical,
  e.g., sol-gel, tape casting wet-physical,e.g.,
  ceramic spray, screen printing physical, e.g.,
  plasma deposition/spray, hot-pressing etc.

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Goeta Chinese base Joint partner, Fucellco Inc
chairman Dr. Ulf Bossel visit
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1kW LTSOFCschematic
Market Entry Product 1 kW portabel SOFC
Generator for propane or methanol/ethanol
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1kW LTSOFC engineering system
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Competitive advantages(1)
LTSOFC against HTSOFC (gt900C)
All ceramics

• Hi-T dead disadvantages
• Special and expensive ceramic materials(vs.
  normal metal)
• Special machinery and manufacture, no existing
  production line (ready production line, punching
  machine)
• All-ceramic, seal material
• special and expensive
• (sift connection and seal
• between the metal sheet
• and ceramic by pressing)
• Hi-T complex and expensive
• (Low T simple and cheap)

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Competitive advantages (2)
SPIROCELL SOFC Design - Low stack cost lt
100/kW - Low operating temperature lt 650C -
Thermal cycling gt 500 times - Quick start
lt 5 minutes - Compact gt 1 kW/Liter -
Light gt 1kW per kg - Easy maintenance
pop-top stack replacement - Multi-fuel biomass,
natural gas, propane, coal gas, methanol etc.
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Competitive advantages (3)

• Excellent price/performance for applications
• Low cost at low volume production
• Low cost of capital equipment
• Production easily automated
• - Excellent power/weight ration for SOFC stacks
• - Excellent thermal performance for SOFC stacks
• - Good operating life for ceramic-metal hybrid
  designs
• Operation at temperatures around 600C or lower,
  550C
• or even lower, 450-500C.

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10x10 cm2 For 1-10kW-level distributed power
station/CHP and APU
600C
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Product5-100kW-level distributed power
station/CHP
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Direct liquid fuelled (bio-fuel FC) light EV)
3-10 kW
Tank Gasoline or alcohol mC electronic
controller C converter H2 and CO P High
power storage M Electric motor drive
Simple low cost!
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Summery and Conclusions (1)
1?Fuel cells?New generation power and energy
revolution/new industrilization 2?FC how to
generate electricity, difference between the
conventional way and FC? 3?current FCs existing
problems, how to realize the fuel to electricity
and high efficiency/less pollution from the
fuel-wire and fuel-wheel? 4?why not yet
commercialization?commercial gods?How new
material/system.
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Summery and Conclusions (2)

• New Nano-ceria-composite materials open the door
  for developing market competitive LTSOFC
  technologies.
• 1. Two-phase nano-composite electrolytes with
  superionic and hybrid s(O2-/H) 0.01-1 Scm-1
  (300-600 ?C), new advanced materials
• 2. High ionic conductivity - high LTSOFC
  performances 0.1 to 1 Wcm-2 (300-600?C).
• 3. still a strong request and challenge for
  technologies in scaling-up the devices. (kW- in
  progress)
• 4. Various applications with direct operation on
  existing hydrocarbon fuels, Biomass fuelled
  LTSOFCs is the focus

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Summary and Conclusions (3)
1?Nature energy resources ? conversionhistory,
current status, and FC-energy technology
revolution! 2?challenges and solutionsIT/LTSOFCs
3?biomass energy and conversion, biomass fuelled
SOFcs energy revolution key step, and
future 4?21st century is reconstructing the
energy infrastructure. New/next generation FCs
integration of IT/LTSOFCs and biomass energy will
create hi-efficient, sustainable and marketable
new power sources. Based on the advanced
IT/LTSOFC development of biomass fuelled FCs
possessing the international leading role, in
frontier of the worldwild FC RD.
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Thank you!????!