Tissues

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Tissues

• Embryology and Tissue formation

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Zygote Development
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Cleavage of the Zygote
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The Cell and Mitosis
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Cell Cycle
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Stem Cells
8 cell stage of zygote
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Embryonic Development
Zygote
Cleavage of zygote creates Blastomeres
Gastrulation creates Embryo and Embryonic
tissues
Blastula
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Blastula and Blastomeres Embryonic Stem Cells
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Blastula and Gastrulation
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Embryo
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Embryonic Tissues

• Inner Cell Mass ? Embryo
• Embryonic tissues
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm

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Embryonic Tissues
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Tissue formation
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Adult Stem Cells
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Tissues Define
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Tissue Sections for slides
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Four Major Tissue Groups

• Epithelial
• Membranes
• Glands
• Connective
• C.T. Proper
• Supportive
• Reticular
• Blood
• Muscle
• Nervous

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Epithelial Tissues
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Epithelial Tissue

• Characteristics
• Surface
• Apical
• Smooth
• Folded Microvilli, Cilia
• Basal
• Basal lamina (portion of basement membrane)
• Side to Side junctions
• Tight junctions
• Desmosomes
• A-vascular
• Regenerative
• Function
• Cover
• Lining
• Secretion

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Basement Membrane
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Basement Membrane Stained
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Basement Membrane Components
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Cilia
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Cell Junctions
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Desmosomes
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Junctions Tight and Gap
Gap Junctions
Tight Junctions
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Cheek Smear
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Classification of Epithelia

• Membranes
• Epithelia C.T.
• Cell shape
• Top view
• Hexagon
• Side view
• Square
• Tall
• Flat
• Cell layers
• 1 single layer
• 2 or more layers
• Variations
• Shape layers
• Apical Surface
• Glandular
• Exocrine
• Endocrine

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Cell Shape
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Epithelial Membranes
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Epithelial Shapes with one simple layer
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Simple Squamous
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Simple Squamous Examples
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Simple Cuboidal
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Simple Cubiodal Examples
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Simple Squamous and Simple Cuboidal
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Simple Columnar
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Simple Columnar and BM
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Stratified Squamous
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Stratified Squamous
keratinized
nonkeratinized
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Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar

• 2 or more layers
• Named for last apical layer shape at the free
  surface
• Basal layer can be any shape, usually will be
  cuboidal
• Nuclei on two or more rows

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Cuboidal Epithelia Simple vs. Stratified
Stratified Cuboidal
Simple Cuboidal
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Stratified Cuboidal in duct
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Stratified Columnar
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia with cilia
goblet cells
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Transitional Epithelia
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Transitional Epithelial States
relaxed
contracted
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Glandular Epithelia

• Exocrine
• Duct
• Simple
• Compound
• Gland
• Single
• Multicellular
• Secretions
• Ecrine / Merocrine
• Apocrine
• Holocrine
• Endocrine
• Ductless
• Hormone secretions

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Exocrine GlandSingle cell Simple duct
Goblet Cells
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Exocrine GlandsMulticellular, Simple Duct
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Glandular Epithelia Gastric Pit
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Exocrine Gland
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Exocrine GlandsMulticellular, Compound Duct
Mammary Glands
Pancreas
Salivary Glands
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Salivary Glands (Exocrine)
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Endocrine Glands

• Epithelial tissue
• Ductless
• Cuboidal cells
• Hormone Secretion
• Blood
• Receptors

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Endocrine Glands
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Thyroid Gland (Endocrine)
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Mesoderm CT differentiation
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Connective Tissue Functions

• Support
• Basement Membrane
• Connect
• Vascular
• Structure
• Framework
• Interconnections
• Repair
• Transport
• Fluids
• Storage
• Energy

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C.T. overview
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Connective Tissue

• Characteristics
• Origin
• Vascular
• BM Lamina Propria reticular lamina
• Classification
• Cells
• Fibroblast
• Chondroblast
• Osteoblast
• PHSC
• Fibers
• Collagen
• Elastin
• Reticular
• Ground Substance
• Function
• Types
• C.T. Proper
• Supportive

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Mesenchymal Tissue

• Embryonic C.T. from mesoderm
• Gives rise to all other C.T. types

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CT Proper Mesenchymal CT cells
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Mucous Tissue

• Embryonic C.T.
• Structure
• Loose C.T.
• Function
• Connect and support Umbilical Vessels
• Location
• Umbilical Cord

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C.T. Proper Embryonic Mucoid C.T.
Mucoid embryonic C.T.
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Loose C.T.

• Aerolar
• Organization
• Fibroblasts
• Elastin and Collagen
• G.S. majority
• Function
• Cushion
• Stabilize
• Shock absorption
• Location
• Fills spaces between organs
• BM support for Epithelial tissues
• Support BV and nerves

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C.T. Proper Aerolar (loose)
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Loose C.T.

• Adipose
• Organization
• Adipocytes
• Collagen
• Function
• Padding
• Shock absorption
• Insulation
• Location
• White fat
• Adults
• S.C.
• Around organs
• Brown Fat
• Infants
• Upper body
• Shoulder
• Neck

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C.T. Proper Adipose
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Dense C.T.

• Dense Regular
• Organization
• Fibroblast
• Collagen lines
• /- Elastin
• Function
• Stabilize joints
• Strength for pulling
• Attachment m/sk
• Location
• Muscle tendons
• Bone ligaments

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C.T. Proper Dense Regular
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Dense Regular C.T. examples
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Dense C.T.

• Dense Irregular
• Organization
• Fibroblast
• Collagen varying directions
• Elastin
• Function
• Directional strength
• Avoid over expansion
• Location
• Dermis
• Capsules
• Sheaths for m., n.

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C.T. Proper Dense Irregular
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Dense Irregular C.T. examples
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Special Connective Tissue

• Reticular, non-pigmented
• Organization
• Fibroblast
• Collagen Reticular C.T. Stroma
• WBC parenchyma
• Function
• Supporting framework for WBCs
• Location
• Stroma
• Spleen
• Liver
• L.N.
• Red Bone Marrow

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Special Connective Tissue

• Reticular, pigmented
• Organization
• Fibroblast
• Collagen Reticular
• Melanocytes
• Function
• Supporting stroma
• Pigment absorbs light
• Location
• Iris of eye

Lens
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C.T. Proper Reticular C.T.
Lymph Node
Pigmented Reticular
Iris
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Elastic Connective Tissue
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Supportive Connective Tissue

• Bone
• Organization
• Cells
• Osteoblasts
• Osteocytes
• Lacunae
• Canaliculi
• Matrix
• Collagen
• Compact bone
• Spongy Bone
• Calcium Salts
• CaPO4
• CaCO3
• Function
• Upright skeletal structure
• Mineral storage
• Location
• Skeleton

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C.T. Supportive Bone
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Supportive Connective Tissue

• Cartilage
• Organization
• Cells
• Chondrocytes in lacunae
• Matrix
• Collagen
• Proteoglycans
• /- elastin
• Types
• Hyaline
• Elastic
• Fibrous

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Cartilage Supportive C.T.

• Hyaline
• Matrix Structure
• Collagen dense
• Function
• Covers boney surface
• Structure / Framework
• Location
• Costal cartilage
• Fetal cartilage
• Nasal cartilage
• Tracheal cartilage
• Articular cartilage

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C.T. Supportive Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
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Cartilage Supportive C.T.

• Elastic
• Matrix Structure
• Collagen
• Elastin
• Function
• Flexible
• Location
• Ear
• Epiglottis of larynx

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Elastic Cartilage Structure
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Elastic Cartilage Examples
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Cartilage Supportive C.T.

• Fibrous
• Matrix Structure
• Collagen interwoven
• Function
• Shock absorption
• Limits certain movements
• Location
• IV disc
• Menisci of the knee
• Pubic symphysis

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Fibrocartilage
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Fluid Connective Tissue

• Blood
• Organization
• Formed elements
• RBC
• WBC
• Platelets
• Fibrin
• Plasma
• Function
• Transport
• Defense
• Plug / Clot
• Exchange
• Location
• ECF in BV

plasma
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Connective Tissue Blood
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Fluid Connective Tissue

• Lymph
• Organization
• Leftover ISF
• Protein
• WBCs
• Function
• Capillary Dynamics
• Clean
• Defense
• Location
• ECF (ISF) in lymphatic vessel

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Epithelial Membranes
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Basement Membrane

• Basement Membrane
• Parts
• Epithelial Basal Lamina
• Lamina Lucida
• Lamina Densa
• C.T. Lamina Propria or reticular lamina
• Function
• Attach epithelial tissues to rest of body

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Membrane Linings

• Cutaneous
• Epidermis Stratified Sq. Epithelium
• Dermis Dense Irregular C.T.
• Mucus
• Columnar Epithelium
• C.T. varies
• Serous
• Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Aerolar C.T.
• Synovial
• Cuboidal Epithelium
• C.T. basement membrane and capsule dense irreg

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Cutaneous Membrane

• Structure
• Epidermis
• Dermis (CT)
• Function
• Waterproof covering
• Defense
• Sensory (P,T,T,P)
• Secretory
• Sebum
• Sweat
• Vitamin D
• Location
• Skin of Integumentary System

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Cutaneous Membrane
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Cutaneous Membrane Areas
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Mucous Membranes

• Open body cavity lining
• Structure
• Epithelia/ Goblet
• Aerolar C.T.
• Function
• Secrete Mucin
• Trap
• Moisten/lubricate
• Facilitate epithelial fxn
• Location
• GI
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Mucin H20 Mucus
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Mucous Membrane
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Mucus Glands, Mucous Membrane, Mucus
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Serous Membranes

• Closed Body Cavity lining
• Structure
• Mesothelium
• Aerolar CT
• Function
• Serous fluid (transudate)
• Decrease friction
• Location
• Pericardium
• Pleura
• Peritoneum

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Serous Membranes
Serous pericardium
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Synovial Membrane

• Structure
• Synovial Cells A B
• Aerolar C.T.
• Function
• Synovial fluid
• Lubricate
• Repair
• Location
• Moveable joints

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Synovial Membrane Structure
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Connective Tissue Framework

• Superficial Fascia
• Subcutaneous/Hypodermis
• Aerolar CT
• Adipose
• Deep Fascia
• Connects to other C.T. structures to provide
  network
• Capsules, Tendons, Ligaments
• Dense Regular C.T.
• Subserous Fascia
• Between deep fascia and serosa
• Aerolar C.T.

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Muscle Types
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Embryonic Germ Layer

• Mesoderm ?
• Myoblasts
• DNA for contractile proteins
• Actin
• Myosin
• Cell arrangement
• Function
• Shorten ? contraction
• /- movement

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Muscle

• Origin
• Myoblasts from mesoderm
• Types
• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac
• Function
• Contraction
• /- movement

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Muscle Cross Section
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Skeletal Muscle

• Characteristics
• Cells fuse to form fiber
• Striations
• Multinucleate
• Voluntary/somatic N.S.
• Function
• Isometric contractions
• Isotonic contractions
• Generates heat
• Guards body entrances
• Location
• Skeleton
• Soft tissue (open body cavities)

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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Direction
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Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle

• Characteristics
• Single, central nucleus
• Cell branching
• Intercalated discs
• Striations
• Involuntary/Autonomic N.S.
• Function
• Propel blood
• Maintains blood pressure
• Location
• Heart

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Cardiac Muscle Histology
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Smooth Muscle

• Characteristics
• Spindle shaped cells
• Single nucleus
• Non-striated
• Involuntary/Autonomic N.S.
• Function
• Propel fluids
• Control tube diameter
• Location
• Hollow body organs

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Smooth Muscle Histology
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Nervous Tissue

• Neurons
• Shape
• Function
• Support Cells
• Neuroglia
• CNS
• PNS

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Nervous Tissue Function

• Types
• Neurons
• Neuroglia
• Function
• Communicate
• Regulate Repair
• Location
• CNS
• PNS

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Neuron Smear
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Neuron Examples
ANS
DRG
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Neuron Structure
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General Neuron Parts
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Nervous Tissue Neurons and Neuroglia
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Tissues ? Organs
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Tissue Injury and Repair

• Inflammation
• Define
• Damage to tissue
• Nonspecific response
• Suffix Ending
• -itis
• Cardinal/Clinical Signs
• Vasodilation
• Red
• Warm
• Swollen
• Painful

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Second Intention Healing
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Tissue Repair

• Cell Cycle
• Steps
• G-0
• G-1
• S
• G-2
• Mitosis
• Regeneration
• Scar Tissue

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Mitotic Phases
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Mitosis
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Cloning
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Regeneration
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Scar Tissue
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Cancer
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Tissue Changes in Stress/Disease

• Hyperplasia
• Over production of cells that are still normal
• Dysplasia
• Change in normal size, shape, organization
• Metaplasia
• Differentiation of stem cells
• Significant alteration of structure
• Anaplasia
• Tissue cells become cancerous

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Neoplasia
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Tissue Donors
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Questions?
Adult Stem Cells