Cognitive Psychology

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Cognitive Psychology Chapter 8 Using
Knowledge in the Real World, Part II
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11/21/2009

• Using knowledge
• Scripts
• False memory
• Eyewitness memory
• Repressed/recovered memories
• Autobiographical memories
• Very Long Term Memory
• Real World Memories
• Emotion and Memories
• - Flashbulb memories

Study Questions. Compare and contrast
misinformation effects with retroactive
interference. According to research, what do
you expect will happen to your knowledge of
Cognitive Psychology over the next several years?
Thats him! Thats the one! Id recognize that
silly little hat anywhere!
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Using Knowledge

• Scripts
• Schema for common activities
• Bower et al. (1977)
• Asked people to write down component actions of
  scripts
• Determined which were most central or typical
• When events happen that are not in a script, they
  can be either
• More salient and more likely to be remembered
• if they are important story events that interrupt
  the usual routine of the script
• E.g., The waiter trips and spills his tray.
  (restaurant script)
• Less salient and less likely to be remembered
• if they are largely irrelevant asides
• E.g., The was a picture of a flower on the menu.
  (restaurant script)

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Using Knowledge

• Scripts
• Smith Graesser (1981)
• Memory for typical and atypical script actions
• Found better memory for atypical events
• Schank Abelson (1977)
• Headers Words that activate a script
• E.g., Menu, Waiter, etc. activate restaurant
  script
• Two headers will prime a script
• Frames Details about specific events in the
  script
• Default value The common, typical concept that
  occupies a frame
• Unmentioned details get filled in with default
  values
• Cognitive ergonomics

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Using Knowledge

• Scripts
• Bower, Black Turner (1979)
• Participants read 18 stories based on scripts
• 1, 2, or 3 stories based on each script (I.e., 3
  versions )
• Not all actions or events included in each story
• Recognition test for memory for stories

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Using Knowledge

• Scripts
• Bower, Black Turner (1979)
• Scripted Events
• Stated Not
  Stated Other
• No. of Scripts
• 1 5.46
  3.91 1.71
• 2 5.40
  4.62 1.76
• 3 5.59
  4.81 1.86
• Recognition 7-point Scale, 1sure new, 7sure old

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Using Knowledge

• Scripts
• The Script-Pointer-Plus-Tag theory
• When a script is activated
• Store script in episodic memory
• Script represents both stated and inferred
  typical events
• Tag on atypical actions of story to script

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Using Knowledge

• Scripts
• The Script-Pointer-Plus-Tag theory
• Connolly, Hockley Pratt (1996)
• presented 6 different stories based on scripted
  routines
• typical and atypical actions presented 0-4 times
• surprise frequency test
• - subjects asked to judge how often different
  actions were presented

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Using Knowledge

• Scripts
• Connolly, Hockley Pratt (1996)

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Roedigers False memory effect
• Study list of related words
• E.g., Royal, Queen, Palace, Crown, etc.
• A period of distraction
• E.g.
• (8 X 6) / 3
• (3 7 - 2) X 3
• Etc.
• Test recall on list words
• E.g., Royal, Queen,..
• And lure words
• E.g., King (did not appear in original list

Henry L. Roediger'
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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Roedigers False memory effect

Henry L. Roediger'
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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Leading Questions

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Leading Questions
• Loftus Palmer (1974)
• View a film of a car accident.
• Tested one week later with different verbs
• How fast was the red car going when it ltsmashed
  into/made contact withgt the other car?
• Smashed 40.8 mph, contact 31.8 mph
• Memory Impairment A genuine change or alteration
  in memory of an experienced event as a function
  of some later event.

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Misinformation Effect
• A tendency to remember misinformation
• The question about smashed was not just a
  leading question, it was a source of misleading
  information
• Tools, faces, ages, body size, vehicles, signs,
  etc.
• As interference

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Source Misattribution error in identifying the
  true source of a memory
• Misinformation Acceptance accepting that
  additional information was part of the original
  memory
• Confidence and accuracy
• There is little or no relationship between memory
  accuracy and confidence
• Juror instructions

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• In children

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Implanted Memory

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Implanted Memory
• Being lost in the mall
• Being abducted by aliens
• Imagination Inflation
• Rated the likelihood that 40 events happened to
  them
• 2 weeks late, asked to imagine that they did
  happen
• Later responded to the original list

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Imagination Inflation

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Using Knowledge

• False Memory
• Stronger memory distortions
• Repeated exposure
• Repeated recall of false information
• Repeated questioning
• Imagery/hypnosis
• Occur even when warned about them
• Repressed and recovered memory