Goal: To enjoy particle physics

1
Goal To enjoy particle physics

• Objectives
• Quarks, neutrinos, and Leptons Oh my!

2
We have seen

• How tiny a nucleus of an atom is, but what is a
  single proton or neutron made out of?
• Lets dive in!

3
Contents of a proton

• The only thing reselbling a particle inside a
  proton or a neutron is a quark.
• A proton has 3 quarks.
• The quark is only 0.1 fm in size, so it does not
  take up much of the size.
• It also does not take up much of the size either.
• Also, the quark does not take up much of the
  energy (2)

4
So, what makes up a proton?

• Well, we dont completely know, but most of it
  seems to be just energy in the form of Gluons.
• Gluons sort of glue the quarks together.
• But that isnt all.
• However, Gluons are really hard to observe, and
  everything else is even harder.
• So, the simple proton isnt quite so simple, and
  it will be a long time before we are able to
  unravel what protons are really made of.

5
Anti-particles (antimatter)

• Before I talk about quarks I have to mention
  anti-particles.
• Every particle type has an anti-particle.
• If particle and anti-particle meet they destroy
  each other!
• They will have the same mass and energy, but
  opposite charge.
• So there are anti-protons, anti-neutrons,
  positrons (anti-electrons), ect.

6
Quarks

• Each proton and neutron contains 3 quarks.
• Any object made of 3 quarks is called a Baryon.
• Any object made of 2 quarks is called a Meson.
• Objects probably not made of quarks are called
  Leptons.
• Protons and Neutrons are Baryons.
• The size of a quark is about 0.1 fm.
• Quarks never travel alone.

7
Flavors of Quarks

• There are 6 flavors, which are vanilla, straw.
  Sorry.
• Gen Name Sym q/e Mass / MeVc-2 Anti
• 1 Up u ? 1.5 4.0 Antiup
• 1 Down d -? 4 8 Antidown
• 2 Strange s -? 80 130 Antistrange
• 2 Charm c ? 1150 1350 Anticharm
• 3 Bottom b -? 4100 4400 Antibottom
• 3 Top t ? 170900 1800 Antitop

8
Other Baryons

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baryons
• 21 different known particles their anti
  particles
• Most found in collisions of atoms in a collider
  or cascades in atmosphere due to cosmic rays.

9
Mesons

• Have 2 quarks.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mesons
• Too boring to go to it though.
• The most famous are the Pions

10
Leptons

• Notice I have not mentioned the electron yet.
• The electron is small.
• It is smaller than a quark.
• So, it probably does not have a quark.
• That makes it a Lepton.
• The other Leptons are neutrinos, Muons, and Tau
  particles.
• Neutrinos come in the flavors of all of the
  Lepton types (electron, Muon, Tau)
• Neutrinos are formed during the fusion or fission
  process so we get a lot of them from the sun,
  but they dont interact with matter very well so
  are very very hard to capture.

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Other particles

• There are particles which exchange energy.
• The electromagnetic one is the photon.
• For the strong force there is the Gluon (which
  has no mass, just energy).
• The weak force uses quarks and leptons.
• The only one we dont know about is gravity.
• That one is theoretically the graviton but it
  has not been observed.

12
Strong interaction

• This is the force that holds the nucleus of an
  atom together.
• If a quark gets pulled out of a proton the Gluons
  go with it.
• That causes an increase in energy which causes
  the formation of a pair of quarks.
• This gives the removed quark back to the atom it
  was taken from.

13
Conclusion

• In the last 100 years we have gone from barely
  knowing the structure of an atom to having some
  really cool insight as to what atoms are made of.
• However, this is still a lot to know and learn
  over the next 100 years!