New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• PI3036 International Security
• Week 8

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• Sudan, Darfur Region

• Circumstances-
• recent drought, dwindling resources
• historic ethnic competition between the
  Masalit/Fur and Arabs
• 1999 clashes which saw Arabs killed

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• Rwanda/Burundi (1994/1996-)

• Circumstances-
• Historic tensions between Tutsi 14 and Hutu 85
  (Rwanda)
• Assassination of presidents in crash
• Radical army exiled in Uganda

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• Kosovo (1999-)

• Circumstances-
• 10 years of conflict in former Yugoslavia
• Serbian ultra-nationalist in power
• ethnically cleansing Kosovo by Yugoslav troops

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• East Timor (1975-1999?)

• Circumstances-
• 1975 Indonesian invasion after Portugal leave
• Super Power politics
• Ethnic violence on eve of independence

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict Questions

• What are old wars?
• According to Mary Kaldor, what are new wars?
• What are their causes and effects?
• What should be the response of international
  community?
• Does the new war hypothesis help us understand
  security today?

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What are old wars?

• Kaldor defines an Old War as
• Conflict over territory and sovereignty
• Conflict between states.
• Conflict had rules
• Conflict was exclusive
• Examples Napoleonic Wars, Crimean War, First
  World War, Second World War, Falklands War

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What are new wars?

• New Wars are a result of the fragmentation and
  integration, homogenisation and diversification
  that followed the end of the Cold War.

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Why new wars?

• Causes
• End of the Cold War
• Globalisation
• Weak or failed states
• Employment of technology

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What are new wars?

• Defining new wars
• Not ideological, but identity conflicts
• Non-Combatants as targets
• Inclusive conflict
• Role of Media

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What are new wars?

• Tactics of New Warriors
• Ethnic Cleansing
• Solidification of identities
• Criminality of conflict
• Privatisation of non-state actors

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What should be the response of international
community?

• Cosmopolitanism or neo-colonialism?
• a new kind of soldier-cum-policeman
• Rapid reaction
• Peace-keepers as the norm
• Can we trust the powers-that-be to prevent
  conflict, when it may not be in their interest?

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Does the new war hypothesis help us understand
security today?

• Problems
• Neo-colonialism?
• Categorisation?
• New wars?
• However
• Highlights brutality of conflicts
• Global dimension of area conflicts

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Rwanda as a new war

• Rwanda/Burundi (1994/1996-)

• Circumstances-
• Historic tensions between Tutsi 14 and Hutu 85
  (Rwanda)
• Assassination of presidents in crash
• Radical army exiled in Uganda

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict Questions

• What are old wars?
• According to Mary Kaldor, what are new wars?
• What are their causes and effects?
• What should be the response of international
  community?
• Does the new war hypothesis help us understand
  security today?