China: Endings and Beginnings, 18941927

1
China Endings and Beginnings, 1894-1927

• Part II. From Yuan Shikai to
• Chiang Kai-Shek

2
Yuan Shikai

• Accepted presidency quickly develops into a
  dictator
• Suppressed Guomindang (GMD)
• ordered assassination of Song Jiaoren
• Dismissed pro-GMD military governors
• Easily crushed Second Revolution Sun Yat-sen
  forced into exile in Japan
• Accepted foreign loans antagonized reformers
  more

3
Twenty-One Demands

• With Western nations pre-occupied by WWI, Japan
  imposes demands on China
• Yuan forced to accept most of Japans demands
• Wave of anti-Japanese protests and boycotts

4
Imperial Restoration

• Yuan takes steps to proclaim himself emperor
• Did nothing to mobilize mass support or mollify
  the elite
• New Dynasty proclaimed December 1915
• Strong opposition Yuan abandons imperial
  ambitions March 1916
• Dead by June 1916

5
Warlord Era

• Independent military commanders of Chinese
  provinces
• Yuan Shikais use of military power (rather than
  parliamentary methods) set stage for warlord era
  many warlords were officers under Yuan
• Balance of power maintained few able to extend
  power beyond province
• Conditions varied widely

6
May Fourth Movement

• Chen Duxiu (1879-1942) and founding of New Youth
  magazine
• Anti-tradition castigated Confucius
• Exalted Western ideas, science and democracy
• Hu Shi (1891-1962)
• Champion of vernacular language (baihua)
• Introduced in 1920, used universally by end of
  decade
• Lu Xun
• A Madmans Diary

7
May Fourth Incident

• Intellectuals taught at Beijing University ideas
  became popular among students
• May 4, 1919 incident student uprising
  protesting terms of Treaty of Versailles
• Followed by additional violent protests
• Government acquiesced Spurred New Culture
  Movement

8
Marxism in China The Early Years

• Marxism-Leninism
• Stages of history
• Imperialism the last stage of history
• Communist party as vanguard of revolution
• Appeal of Marxism to Chinese intellectuals
• Organization of Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
• Policy of cooperation with GMD

9
GMD and Sun Yat-sen

• After death of Yuan, Sun returns from exile
• Weak party organization
• 1923 Pact with Comintern
• GMD reorganized into more structured and
  disciplined organization

10
GMD and CCP Cooperation

• Whampoa Military Academy
• Cooperation with Communists, e.g. Zhu Enlai
• Trained core of GMD officers
• CCP focus on labor movement
• Hong Kong Seamens Strike (1922)
• CCP membership increases
• Chiang Kai-shek
• 1923 went to train in Moscow
• Appointed head of Whampoa Military Academy

11
Three Principles of the People

• Nationalism
• Democracy
• Peoples livelihood

12
Northern Expedition

• March 1926 Chiang declares martial law
  arrested Soviet Advisors
• Summer 1926 military unification of China under
  GMD government
• March north against warlord forces

13
The Break

• April 1927 Chiang purges Communist influence from
  GMD
• Party headquarters raided
• Suspected communists shot on sight
• CCP cells destroyed unions disbanded
• Urban CCP shattered forced underground turns
  focus to rural China

14
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

• In a very short time . . . Several hundred
  million peasants will rise like a mighty storm,
  like a hurricane, a force so swift and violent
  that no power, however great, will be able to
  hold it back.

15
Establishment of Nationalist Government

• 1927 Chiang Kaishek establishes government in
  Nanjing
• June 1928 Beijing falls Nanjing becomes nominal
  national government
• Warlordism continues to plague China
• Clash with Japan