The Instructional Design Process

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The Instructional Design Process

• November 9, 2000

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Learning Instruction

• Define learning
• Development of new KSA
• Permanent change in behavior
• Define instruction
• Arrangement of the environment (media-presented
  information) to facilitate learning

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Instructional Need

• How do you know if you have one?
• Performance need is gap between existing and
  desired behavior
• Instructional need is a performance need that can
  be solved by instruction (rather than changes in
  resources, personnel, etc.)

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Instructional design is...

• The systematic process of translating principles
  of learning and instruction into specifications
  for instructional materials and
  activities -Smith Ragan
• Producing a solution to an instructional
  problem -Lockee

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What does a designer do?

• The primary role of the designer is to
• Decide what is important for students to learn.
• Effectively arrange the learning environment
  (media) to maximize the probability of individual
  student learning (permanent changes in behavior).

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Instructional Design is based on..

• General Systems Theory
• A set of interrelated and acting parts that work
  together toward a common goal
• Educational Psychology Theory
• From Behaviorism to Constructivism
• Communication Theory
• Sender, receiver, feedback
• Instructional Theory

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What are the advantages of ID?

• Focus on what learner will be able to do as a
  result of the instruction
• Linkage between components
• Empirical and replicable process
• Produces consistent instruction
• Facilitates effective assessment methods
• Applicable across settings

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ID Process Step by Step

• Needs analysis
• Determine instructional goal
• Analyze the instructional goal
• Necessary entry behaviors
• Step-by-step goal performance
• Analyze learners and contexts
• Prior knowledge
• Learning environment
• Application of skills and knowledge

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Components of Systems Approach

• Write performance objectives
• Very specific and measureable
• Some include conditions
• Develop assessment instruments
• Emphasis on accurately measuring behaviors
• Now rather than later...

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Components of Systems Approach

• Develop instructional strategies
• Presentation of information
• Practice and feedback
• Testing
• Follow-up activities
• Develop instruction
• Creation of materials
• Deliverables which exemplify previous steps

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Components of Systems Approach

• Conduct formative evaluation of instruction
• One-to-one prototype testing
• Small group evaluation
• Field testing
• Revise instruction
• Data from formative evaluation used to assess
  whole process
• Conduct summative evaluation

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Or simply put...

• Design
• Develop
• Evaluate
• Sometimes called Instructional Development

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Basic ID Model
Dick Carey, 1966
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ID Resources

• Dick, W. Carey, L. (1996). The systematic
  design of instruction (4th ed.). New York
  HarperCollins College Publishers.
• Smith, P. Ragan, T. (1999). Instructional
  design (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Merrill
  Prentice Hall.
• Gagne, R., Briggs, L., Wager, W. (1992).
  Principles of instructional design (4th ed.).
  Fort Worth, TX Harcourt Brace College
  Publishers.
• Shambaugh, R., Magliaro, S. (1997). Mastering
  the possibilities A process approach to
  instructional design. Allyn Bacon Boston.