Moon based observation of cosmic rays

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Moon based observation ofcosmic rays

• Piero Spillantini
• Univ. and INFN, Firenze, Italy

20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Renewed interest of Space Agencies and Industrial
Associations in Moon exploration and utilization
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Moon Base initiative
2003 promoted by High Frontier Inc. (USA),
Solidarietà e Sviluppo Association (Italy)
and groups of professionals working in Research
Centers and Space Industries -
program to study the argument involving main
space agencies in partnership with industries
and scientific organizations -
December 17, Columbia, the First Lunar Base
within a decade final report to NASA office of
Space Flight
2004 January, 14, announcement of the USA
President of a major programme
oriented toward the human exploration of the
solar system using the Moon as a starting
point - June, the USA Presidential
Commission recommends to engage the scientific
community in a re-evaluation of
priorities to exploit opprtunities
created by the space exploration vision
2005 the Moon Base initiative Promoting
committee endorses the recommendations in
the international conference Moon Base A
Challenge for Humanity, realized by - May,
Venice workshop, (report of R.Gilmozzi on the
e.m. component) - October, Washington workshop
(report of P.S. on the corpuscolar
component) 2006 November, Moscow workshop
(reports on Moon Labs on the Earth)
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Heavy Nuclei eXplorer (NCX)
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20-th ECRS 2006 September 4-9, Lisbon, Portugal
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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The KNEE region (3 x 1015 eV)
Border energy between space (balloon and
satellite borne) and ground based experiments.
but also
Border energy between different
acceleration processes of cosmic rays in the
Universe.
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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ACCESS
GF ? 2x2m2x1sr Mass ? 5t
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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all
proton
20-th ECRS 2006 September 4-9, Lisbon, Portugal
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lunar facility for HE gamma rays and HE Cosmic
Rays (acceptance gt ?100 m2sr modules)
Tracker
Moon surface
Water reservoir
depth gt ?5-7m
Cherenkov light detectors
side gt? 57m
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Water on the Moon???

• Perequisite for the establishement of a
  permanently inhabited Moon base

- We now believe that water is present 110
concentration in the regolith in polar
craters (H signature of the Clementine mission)

• extraction
• mechanically
• thermodinamically
• gt200 t/year employing 120 kw
• (Jamestwon Group LCC study, Feb. 2006,
• Heiss et al., June 2006)

20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lunar facility for HE gamma rays and HE Cosmic
Rays (several ?100 m2sr modules)
Direction and ionization measurements
Electromagnetic calorimeter
510 m
Hadronic calorimeter
?n x 57 m
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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105 104 103 102 10 1
Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si
P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
Ni Cu Zn
LISA project for ASTROMAG Events/3years (80
duty cycl., losses 50)
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Antip (3 andamenti)
To go up in Energy needed to improve the
precision of the Magnetic Spectrometer
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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all particles
proton
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Max bending power ? 360 Tm
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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5 Earth radii
p1 TeV/c
p10 TeV/c
p100 TeV/c
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
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proton
all particles
primordial antiproton
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lunar facility for HE gamma rays and HE Cosmic
Rays
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pierre-Auger Observatory
N
S
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
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• Fig. 2.1 Artist view of the EUSO concept. The
  shower development occurs in the atmosphere
  layers
• below 30-40 km a.s.l. the isotopic fluorescence
  emission is proportional at any depth to the
  number of
• charged particles (mainly electrons) present in
  the shower front Ne EeV / (1.4x10 9). The UV
  yield is
• 4 photons per meter of electron track, almost
  independent from air pressure and temperature.

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Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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mirror ?(m)
spectral index -2.6 GKZ not considered
106
2000
105
Rate/year
670
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Moon based
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EUSO ?2m new sensors
200
102
EUSO ?2m
OWL
?5m
67
101
mono
100
binocular
1023
1022
1019
1021
1020
E(eV)
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Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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12 -- 10 -- 8 -- 6 -- 4 -- 2 -- 0
-- -2 --
log (A ?O ?t / N3s (/ km2-sr-s) )
LORD
EUSO 3yrs
ANITA
RICE 3yrs
Salsa 3yrs
GLUE
Auger 3yrs
RICE
Ice-Cube 3yrs
Amanda 3yrs
Published
Projects
AmB10 130days
MACRO 5.8yrs
Log (En/eV)
EAS-TOP 326days


12 14
16 18 20
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20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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A new actor on the scene of CR from space?
neutrino
new instrument for Astrophysics, Cosmology,
Particle Physics
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Eparticle 1020 eV
Vulcano Workshop 2006 May 21-27, Vulcano, Italy
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Florescence from orbit
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Conclusions
High Z Heavy Nuclei eXplorer (HNX) exp. ENTICE
ed ECCO in stand by possible only on the
Moon surface
Isotopes (EgtGeV/n) on Earth orbit ?80 are
accessible but no plans exist light isotopes
(BESS-p, PAMELA, AMS2 by-product) high rate
assured on the Moon up to very high E
Rare components antiN/N up to lt10-9 (AMS2)
antip, e up to a gt200 GeV (PAMELA ed AMS2)
electrons up to gt3 TeV (PAMELA, AMS2,
CALET) 1-10 TeV region on reach on the Moon
surface
Elemental composition up to 100 TeV by
ballooning (going on) up to 1 PeV in orbit
(several projects and concepts ) up to 100 PeV
(well behind the knee) on the Moon
Ultra High Energies up to few 100 EeV on Earth
surface (going on) up to ?lt1 ZeV from orbit
(but EUSO in stand by) up to a few 10 ZeV
from the Moon surface, also higher from Moon
orbit ? a UHE Neutrino Observatory
(Engtgt1019) feasible ?
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Muito obrigado pela vossa atenção
20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium September 4-9,
2006, Lisbon, Portugal