Fundementals of Information Technology Intro

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Fundementals of Information Technology(Intro)
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What is Information???

• Opinion
• Science
• Knowledge

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Going to the cinema

• Hours
• Tranportation
• Costs
• Films
• Possible Seats????

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How can we learn them?

• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Asking to someone else
• Internet
• Phone ..etc.

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Information technology is...

• IT refers to the role of technology in gathering
  and using information
• Information is an increasingly important resource
  for businesses and individuals
• Computer and communications technologies are more
  powerful, flexible and cheaper than ever before

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How can we learn them?

• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Think that we dont know how to read-write?
• Internet
• Think that we dont know how to use computers?
• Asking to someone else
• Phone ..etc.
• Think that we dont know the speaken language?

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IT is

• All the technologies that we talked about and all
  the knowledge to use them.
• The main purpose is to know much to make better
  decisions.

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Information systems - examples

• The spreadsheet I use to record BIL158 marks
• An expert system used to diagnose car faults
• An executive information system that summarises
  the state of the business and compares with
  competitors
• A supermarkets stock control system

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Information systems

• System (usually computerised) that helps an
  organisation carry out its tasks and achieve its
  goals
• An Information System is a set of interrated
  parts that work together to produce, distribute,
  and use information products.
• Components
• hardware
• software
• data / information
• people
• procedures

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What computers do

• A computer has just four basic operations
• receive data as input from the outside world
• process this data
• output useful information to the outside world
• store data and information for further use
• It processes raw data to make useful information.
  But it can perform these operations very fast,
  accurately and reliably, and can store huge
  amounts of information

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Hardware

• Hardware consists of
• input devices
• output devices
• processing (the CPU and main memory)
• storage
• communications hardware

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Software

• Software (programs) is what makes the computer a
  general purpose tool - changing the software
  changes the function
• Applications software - useful to the user
• eg. Word XP, games, a payroll system
• Systems software - needed to run the computer
• eg. Windows XP, Macintosh OS, anti-virus
  programs

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People - the most important part of an
information system

• Customers - ultimate users of the information
  system
• Workers and managers - use the information system
  to carry out their tasks
• Systems personnel - ensure the system runs
  effectively on a day-to-day basis
• Systems analysts/programmers - design and develop
  the information system
• End user developers

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Evolution of computers and communication
technology

• Institutional computing era (1950- )
• large expensive systems for basic organisational
  tasks
• Personal computing era (1975- )
• small, cheap desktop computers for personal use
• Today - interpersonal computing (1995- )
• networks of interconnected computers, the
  Internet and World Wide Web

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Categories of computers

• Mainframes and supercomputers
• large organisations banks, airlines etc
• powerful number crunching for research
• many users, connected via terminals enabling
  timesharing
• servers provide software and other resources to
  networked computers
• Hence enterprise server

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Categories of computers

• Personal computers and workstations

• single user, for personal productivity
• often networked
• Workstations may be used as mid-range servers

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Categories of computers

• Portable computers
• laptops, notebooks, personal digital assistants
  (PDAs) in the form of palmtop and handheld
  computers
• Embedded computers
• cars, microwave ovens, etc sensors and control
  systems
• are single-purpose, not general purpose

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Trends - hardware

• Faster, smaller, more powerful processors
• More direct, easier to use input and output
  devices
• Larger storage capacity
• Faster, wider bandwidth communications media to
  transmit more information
• Linking computers together in networks - local
  area networks, wide area networks, the Internet

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Trends - software

• Easy to use software, integration of different
  tools
• Multimedia is widespread
• System development is moving from the hands of
  the professionals to the end user
• Use of artificial intelligence

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Trends - social

• the threat to personal privacy
• the hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty
  of keeping data secure
• the difficulty of defining and protecting
  intellectual property
• the risks of failure of computer systems
• the dangers of dependence on complex technology

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Computer HardwareParts of a computer system

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COMPUTER FACTS

• A computer is an electronic device which works
  within a binary digital system and has 4
  functions
• Accept input (data isolated facts)
• Process input (data)
• Produce output (information processed data)
• Storage

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Hard Drive
BUS
Tower
CPU
RAM
Floppy CD Drive Drive
Ports
Peripheral devices
keyboard
mouse
Monitor
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System unit (box)

• We call this box by several names
• Computer
• Tower
• Desktop

• This box contains
• CPU
• Drives
• System board
• Slots
• Interface cards
• Power Supply
• Ribbons, connections, etc.

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Computer (System Unit)
Switch Reset Button
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The Back of a Computer

• This is where devices are plugged into the
  computer
• mouse
• keyboard
• printer
• internet connection
• monitor
• etc.

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Front Panel

• The front has been removed to show
• switches
• floppy
• CD drive

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Power Supply

• The power supply reduces house current to smaller
  voltages (5 and 12 V.)
• Notice the many wires protruding from the back of
  the power supply
• These wires provide current for the various parts
  of the computer

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Inside the Computer
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System Board

• Also called the mainboard
• Has slots for cards, rams and cpu.
• Devices are connected to mainboard
• With the ways on it transfer data from one place
  to another.

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• Controls the system
• Performs mathematical operations
• Logic is performed here
• Has a cooling fan attached cause temperature is
  important

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Memory...

• ROM (Read Only Memory)
• PROM
• EPROM
• EEPROM
• RAM(Random Access Memory)
• DRAM
• SRAM

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ROM(Read Only Memory)

• Programs written once and can be read many(Power
  source is NOT important)
• Holds BIOS programme
• PROM (Programmable chip with a programming
  device)
• EPROM(Can be programmed with light)
• EEPROM(Programmed by power source)

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RAM

• Random Access Memory

Storage Units
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smallest unit of storage binary digit 1 or a 0
BIT
8 bits
1,000 bytes
1,000,000 bytes
1,000,000,000 bytes
1,000,000,000,000 bytes
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RAM FACTS

• Holds data and instructions waiting for
  processing by the CPU
• Temporary storage
• Contents are deleted when power source removed.

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DRAM

• Is used memory in the computers
• EDODRAM
• SDRAM
• DDRRAM are the kinds...

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SRAM

• Main difference from DRAM is no need to update
  the data
• Included in CPU nowadays
• Costs more than DRAM
• So it is used for cache

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CACHE

• Cache is fast accessing intermediate memory that
  holds the most needed data and instructions.
• It is smaller than RAM.
• Because it is smaller than RAM a search of cache
  is faster memory access.
• Therefore it is always searched first when
  available.

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How does the data flow?
CPU
CACHE
RAM
HDD
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Chips and Interface Cards
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All secondary storage has 2 parts

• A disk a platter which stores the
  data/inforamtion
• A drive mechanism which reads the disk
• NOTE a read/write head is part of the drive
  which sits over the disk and read the data

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Hard Drive
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All Disks have two parts
SECTORS
TRACKS
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All Disks have two parts
This makes an Addressable Space.
Therefore, Disks are Randomly Accessible.
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Hard Drives

• Composed of several disks.
• Very large, permanent storage.
• Not portable storage.
• Disks are magnetic.

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Floppy Drive (3 1/2)
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Floppy Drives

• Composed of one disk.
• Small storage.(Max. 1,44 MB)
• Portable storage.
• Disks are magnetic.

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CD Drive
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CD Drives

• Composed of one disk.
• Large, permanent storage.(700 MB)
• Portable storage.
• Disks work with light waves.

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DVD Drives

• All the specifications are same with the CD
  Drives but they can store larger data than CD
  technology (up to 12 GB or more...)

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Video Card

• By video cards datas in computers can be seen on
  monitors...
• Has a memory in.
• Can be PCI or AGP

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Monitor

• Are used to display data in Graphical User
  Interface
• Monitors has dots to show the data. They are
  called pixels.
• Pixels must be closer to see detailed...

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Communication Devices

• Devices that allow users separated by distance
  and time to exchange documents, files, graphics,
  and other digital information.

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Keyboard
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Mouse
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Ink Jet Printer
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Dot Matrix Printer
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Laser Printer
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Software

• According to the American Heritage Dictionary
  software is
• "The programs, routines, and symbolic languages
  that control the functioning of the hardware and
  direct its operation."

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Software

• In other words, software instructs the hardware
  what to do, and uses the hardware to perform
  specific tasks.
• Such as display information on a screen, format a
  floppy disk, etc. There are 2 main types of
  software
• What are the types...

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Types of Software

• Operating systems
• a set of programs that manage the computer (e.g.
  loads controls the execution of other programs,
  manages the storage of data on disks)

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Types of Software

• Applications Software
• Programs written for specific purposes in order
  to perform functions specified by end users.

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Operating Systems

• Operating Systems
• MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), also
  known as PC-DOS (Personal Computer Disk Operating
  System),
• is the standard OS on Intel-based microcomputers,
  and is often referred to simply as DOS.

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Operating Systems

• MS Windows (Microsoft Windows)
• a GUI (Graphical User Interface) that works with
  DOS to provide a more user-friendly and powerful
  interface to the computer and its' applications.
• current versions of MS Windows (including 3.11)
  are not true operating systems, and require DOS
  to be installed on the computer before function.

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Operating Systems

• Windows NT Windows 95 Windows 98, 2000 and XP
  are true operating systems (i.e.. they do not
  require DOS) which have a GUI superior to MS
  Windows.

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Operating Systems

• Windows XP and 2000 are the latest version of
  Windows from Microsoft,
• intend to replace Windows 95, DOS, and MS
  Windows as the operating system of the future for
  home uses.

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Operating Systems

• Given the rapid change of hardware technology DOS
  and Windows are dying rapidly.
• New systems come with a newer version of OS
  installed automatically.
• Usually have a choice of one of Windows NT,
  Windows 95, or Windows 98, 2000 and XP.

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Operating Systems

• The Macintosh operating system is used on Apple
  computers, and was the first GUI-based operating
  system.
• Has always been the easiest to learn/use
  operating system,
• But has been limited to the proprietary Apple
  hardware, and therefore not as popular as DOS and
  Windows.

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Operating Systems

• OS/2 was the first advanced GUI operating system
  for Intel-based microcomputers, and has been
  around for a few years.
• Originally a joint project with IBM and
  Microsoft, OS/2 is now maintained by IBM, and was
  a competitive product to the various MS Windows
  programs.

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Operating systems

• Such as network servers, and certain business
  applications.
• OS/2 is used heavily in the Banking industry. You
  probably use OS/2 when getting money from an ATM
  machine.

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Operating Systems

• UNIX is an operating system
• has been most popular on workstations and other
  high-end computer systems.
• various flavours of UNIX, such as AIX (the
  version used on Juliet), NeXTStep, and Solaris,
  which tend to be developed for specific vendor
  hardware platforms.

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Operating Systems

• Linux UNIX-like operating system
• developed firstly by a student from Finland
• works on a wide variety of vendor systems,
  including Intel microcomputers.
• UNIX is a very powerful and rich operating
  system, but also very difficult to master.

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Applications Software

• Word Processing
• Software for creating standard text documents,
  such as reports, books, etc.
• examples are Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and
  Write.

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Applications Software

• Word processors are distinguished from the
  simpler text editors, by
• the inclusion of more advanced features (word
  wrap, headers footers, etc.), and
• more complex proprietary data formats. Text
  editors have limited functionally.

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Application Software

• Desktop publishing software
• more sophisticated programs for creating large
  documents (e.g. books), or documents with a lot
  of graphic (newsletters, brochures, etc.)
• examples are Pagemaker and Ventura.

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Application Software

• Spreadsheets
• Software for working with numeric data,
  calculations and graphing/charting.
• examples
• Microsoft Excel
• Lotus 1-2-3, and
• Quattro Pro.

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Application Software

• Databases
• allows the creation of highly structured
  containers for storing information about things.
• examples Microsoft Access, Paradox, and Oracle.
• examples of types of database systems would be
  inventory systems, or bank accounts.

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Application Software

• Databases describe
• the characteristics of things (e.g. name, address
  and phone number for a mailing list), and
• allow the user to input values for storage, and
  retrieve them at a later date.

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Application Software

• Communications
• allows one computer to communicate with another.
• Examples are Procomm and Kermit.
• Communications software often uses a modem to
  provide the communications link with another
  computer system.

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Application Software

• Graphics
• allows the user to create or edit images, such as
  
• line art
• photographs, or
• drawings.
• examples are Corel Draw, Morph and Adobe
  Photoshop.

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Application Software

• Presentation/Multimedia
• allows the user to combine various data formats
  (text, images, audio, video) to create products
  like business presentations, educational
  programs, games, etc.
• examples are Microsoft Powerpoint and Macromedia
  Director.

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Application Software

• Programming
• used to create other software programs.
• examples are Visual Basic and Borland C.

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Application Software

• Utilities
• performs a variety of functions for maintaining
  and administering other software programs, data
  files, and hardware.
• examples are PCtools and Norton Utilities.

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Application Software

• Games Edutainment - Games are, well, games.
• Edutainment software
• a new term used to describe software that uses a
  game-like environment to teach about specific
  topics.

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Application Software

• Viruses
• special software programs that can "infect" other
  software

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Application Software

• Industrial - Specialized software
• programs used to control machines or devices such
  as
• photocopiers
• robotics
• cars
• space shuttles
• etc.

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And software types can be change by the legal
usage...

• Public Domains everyone can use limitless and
  no payment is needed...
• Sharewares Everyone can use for a limited time
  and if want to use afterwards payment is needed...

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LAN/WAN
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Networks
Each computer has its own Operating System
NETWORK
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The Client Server Model
SERVER
CLIENT
NETWORK
Client to server request for service Server to
client response
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Network Hardware
WAN link
Server running Unix, NT or some similar OS
Serial Line Interface
Router
Ethernet Interface
PC
WAN link
Ethernet Interface
Router
Ethernet Hub
PC
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A Wide Area Network
PC
PC
PC
Server
Server
Typically a multi-city network
PC
Server
Server
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LAN Is Limited To...

• Most LAN networks are confined to a single
  building or group of buildings.
• A LAN can be connected to other LANs via a
  telephone.

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Definitions

• EthernetDeveloped by Xerox Corporation with DEC
  and Intel.Transfer rate of 10 MBPS. Fast
  Ethernet can handle up to 1Gbps.
• Apple talkInexpensive local area network build
  in to all apple MAC. computers . Supports apples
  local talk,and Ethernet,as well as IBM's token
  ring

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LAN vs. WAN

• LANLocal Area Network.
• Used for short distances. Such as buildings and
  groups of buildings.
• Can be used for work groups.

• WANWide Area Network.
• Used for long geographical areas like countries
  and the world.
• The world wide web.

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Wide Area Networks can be used to interconnect
LANs
LAN
R
R
LAN
LAN
R
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Wireless

• PDAs
• Palm Pilot, MS CE
• Mobile phones
• Wireless LAN
• CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data)
• This is a direct digital cellular service
• Follows closely the OSI model
• E,I,A Interfaces

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Telephone Wires and Modems...

• We use modems to convert the digital data to
  analog data to use telephone lines by
  transportation.
• Dial-up modems can transfer 56 Kbps max.
• Firms are trying to use ISDN(Integrated Service
  Digital Network)
• DSL(Digital Subscriber Line) is more faster than
  Dial-up.

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Telephone Wires and Modems...

• ADSL is a form of DSL.
• It uses the spare frequency of the copper
  telephone wires.
• So communication of the computers are faster and
  the other frequency can be used for phone calls.
• ADSL speed changes 64 Mbps to 2048 Mbps for the
  Internet...

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What is the Internet?

• It is the unique global network connecting
  individual networks which may use different
  protocols internally. A gateway connects the
  individual network to the Internet, doing the
  necessary protocol translation.
• It is the special case of an internet which is
  a network of networks. The inter-connection uses
  TCP/IP.

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TCP/IP

• Internet Protocol is like the phone number of a
  computer on a network. Must have one to talk with
  others.
• Transfer Control Protocol helps the computer to
  sent and get files more than bandwith can
  transport in once...
• By the protocol files can divided into parts and
  at the other side the protocol makes them
  connect...

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Computer Virus

• A computer program usually hidden within another
  seemingly harmless program.
• It produces copies of itself and inserts them
  into other programs.
• A computer virus usually performs a malicious
  action, such as destroying data.
• 7-10 new viruses are found every day.

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Effects of Computer Viruses

• It can destroy data and programs in computers.
• It effects any computer that opens the
• seemingly harmless program.
• It makes the computer crash
• Sometimes it can destroy the hardware of the
  computer

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Examples of Viruses

• The Klez virus.
• My party virus.

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Klez virus

• This first appeared in April 2002.
• The message usually appears to be from someone
  you know.
• The message may say the attachment is an
  anti-virus tool or a new game.
• Subject field can vary.
• May show in subject field as Hi or Hello or
  How are you?.

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My party virus

• First appeared in January 2002.
• The subject lines may vary.
• Usually along the lines of New photos from my
  party.
• The note will tell you that there are pictures
  attached in order to get you to open the
  attachment.
• Attachment may look like a website address and
  not an attachment.

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Types of Viruses

• File infectors
• Attach themselves to programs on infected
  computers
• Virus runs when user runs a program

• Boot-sector infectors
• Attach to the boot sector of a disk
• Virus activated whenever computer reboots

• Macro viruses
• Attach to documents and spreadsheets
• When user opens documents, virus spreads to word
  processing programs

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Other Malicious Programs

• Trojan Horses
• Involves human interaction
• Users run the program intentionally, but it does
  something more than user thought it would
• Not a virus for it does not spread on its own,
  but does have virus-like effects

Example A friend sends you a game he/she found
on the Internet. You run the game, finding it
rather fun. However, without your knowledge,
part of the program is searching your hard drive
for password files. Your password files are sent
to the person who originally wrote the program,
leaving your system and identity vulnerable to
potential damage.
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Other Malicious Programs

• Worms
• Involves no direct human interaction
• Like a virus, but spreads from computer to
  computer via a network

Example Your computer has fallen victim to the
Code Red Worm. How did this happen? An Internet
Information Server (IIS), often running by
default in many Windows operating systems known
for its vulnerabilities, served as the Code Red
worm transmitter. Through the Internet, the Code
Red actively sought computers running the IIS.
Many users were unaware the IIS program was
operating on their computer, thus infection by
the Code Red worm.
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How Much Damage?

• Benign Viruses
• Annoying, but not serious
• Example
• You attempt to shut down your computer, and the
  message Parity Check is displayed. This is the
  only effect of a benign virus, the Parity Check.
  

• Malignant Viruses
• Serious viruses
• Cause great damage that may or may not be
  repairable
• Example
• CIH Virus activates on 26th of each month. It
  overwrites most of data on infected hard drive
  and Flash BIOS. The BIOS software, located in the
  motherboard, tells computer to boot. No BIOS, no
  booting!

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Common Ways Viruses Spread

• Email attachments
• Shared files
• Floppy disks
• Infected documents and infected word processors

Important Viruses almost never spread between
operating systems such as Mac and Windows!
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Ways to Prevent Viruses

• Install a virus scanner
• Many are free
• Keep it updated
• Program it to run automatically
• A few examples
• Norton
• Panda
• Mcafee
• Do not run programs found randomly on the
  Internet
• If you use Microsoft Word or Excel, disable macros

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Prevention (continued)

• Only open expected email attachments
• Do not open anything from people you do not know
• If you are not expecting it, even from someone
  you know, do not open it!
• Disable auto-run features in email programs
• Use Virus Scanner before opening downloaded
  Internet files
• Keep your operating system and programs
  up-to-date
• Turn off scripting in your web browser

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How Do I Know If I Have a Virus?

• Some typical symptoms that may indicate a virus
  infection include
• Virus checker gives a detected virus warning
• Strange messages appear
• Computer crashes more frequently
• Strange files you do not recognize start
  appearing
• Files get bigger or disk space disappears for no
  apparent reason
• Programs stop working as expected

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I Think I Have a Virus!

• Stop using the computer
• Write down any strange messages or warnings
• Do not reboot, open files, or run programs
• Run your virus scanner
• Seek tech support help

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How to protect yourself

• Do not open any e-mails that are sent from
  someone you dont know.
• Especially do not open any e-mail attachments.

• Install anti-virus software into your computer
  and keep it updated.
• Scan any documents you receive with your
  anti-virus software.
• Make everyone you know aware of any viruses.