What's Your Carbon

1
What's Your Carbon Footprint? Sustainability
and Green IT Initiatives That Make a Difference
Part 1
2
Overview of Presentation

• The challenges we face
• First-stage actions to cut carbon
• Second-stage actions
• How far short will we then be?
• Mega-scale solutions to close
• the carbon-neutral gap

3
The American College University Presidents
Climate Commitment

• Signatories agree to
• Create institutional structures
• Select implement tangible actions to reduce
  greenhouse gases
• Complete a comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory
• Develop a climate-neutral action plan
• Make information publicly available

4
Two Tangible Actions

• Implement two within two years
• Policy to build new construction at LEED Silver
  or equivalent
• Purchasing policy mandating ENERGY STAR
  procurements
• Policy to offset greenhouse gas emissions
  generated by air travel
• Public transportation incentives for faculty,
  staff, students, visitors
• 15 renewable energy
• Policy to support climate and sustainability
  shareholder proposals among endowment investments
• Participate in RecycleMania competition

5
Greenhouse Gas Inventory

• Within one year
• Emissions from electricity, heating, commuting,
  and air travel
• Update the inventory every other year
• Six gases to track and report
• Scope 1, 2, 3 emissions

6
Gases to Track Report

• Six greenhouse gases covered under the Kyoto
  Protocol
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

7
Scope 1, 2, 3 Emissions

• Scope 1
• Direct GHG emissions from sources controlled by
  the institution -- primarily stationary and
  vehicular combustion of fossil fuels.
• Scope 2
• Indirect emissions from generation of
  electricity procured.
• Scope 3
• Other indirect emissions from sources not
  controlled by the institution, such as commuting
  (employee and student), air travel, waste
  disposal, production and transportation of
  purchased goods, outsourced activities,
  contractor-owned vehicles, and electric
  transmission and distribution losses.

8
Gaseous Composition of the Atmosphere
2005 Fraction by Volume
HFC-134a
PFC-116, SF6
Source  Dr. Sherwood Rowland (Donald Bren
Research Professor, University of California,
Irvine). Used by permission.
9
Relative Global Warming Potentials
Source Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) 1995 Second Assessment Report
10
Global CO2 Emissions Sources
Other
Agriculture
Electricity heat
Other fuel combustion
Manufacturing construction
Transportation
Source World Resources Institute
11
Methane Emissions Sources
Source  Dr. Sherwood Rowland (Donald Bren
Research Professor, University of California,
Irvine). Used by permission.
12
Climate-Neutral Plan

• Complete within two years
• Climate-neutral target date
• Interim milestones
• Actions to make sustainability part of the
  educational experience for all students
• Expand research and community outreach regarding
  GHG reductions across and beyond the institution
• Mechanisms for tracking progress toward goals

13
Overview of Presentation

• The challenges we face
• First-stage actions to cut carbon
• Second-stage actions
• How far short will we then be?
• Mega-scale solutions to close the
• carbon-neutral gap

14
How Large is UCs Carbon Footprint?
Total Emissions 1,783,000 metric tons CO2e
15
Deep Energy-Efficiency

• Not the 15 typical savings of past retrofit
  projects
• Illumination consumption cut 50 percent
• Smart labs
• No 24x7 waste
• Demand-controlled ventilation
• Greening up IT

16
Bird Cage Retrofit at UCI
Source for photo of induction lamps CLTC.
17
Integrated Office Lighting System
Pre-retrofit
Post-retrofit
Source CLTC.
18
Bi-level Smart Parking Garage Fixture
Pre-retrofit
Post-retrofit
Source CLTC.
19
Deep Energy-Efficiency

• Not the 15 typical savings of past retrofit
  projects
• Illumination consumption cut 50 percent
• Smart labs
• No 24x7 waste
• Demand-controlled ventilation
• Greening up IT

20
Why Do Research Universities Have Such Large
Carbon Footprints?

• Laboratory buildings consume 2/3 of total energy

21
Laboratory Energy

• Air-changes
• Fume hoods
• Freezers
• Auto sash closures
• Illumination

interrelated measures

all interrelated

• Smart controls
• Night setbacks
• Exhaust stack airspeeds

interrelated controls
22
Aircuity
23
Exhaust Discharge Airspeed Pilot
Prevailing winds
Exhaust Fan
Supply fan duct
Bypass air damper
Balcony
Re-entrainment of contaminated air
24
Smart Lab Parameters
25
Deep Energy-Efficiency

• Not the 15 typical savings of past retrofit
  projects
• Illumination consumption cut 50 percent
• Smart labs
• No 24x7 waste
• Demand-controlled ventilation
• Greening up IT

26
CO2 Sensors
Room Sensor
Duct Sensor
27
Deep Energy-Efficiency

• Not the 15 typical savings of past retrofit
  projects
• Illumination consumption cut 50 percent
• Smart labs
• No 24x7 waste
• Demand-controlled ventilation
• Greening up IT

28
Factors that Affect IT Energy Efficiency
29
The Facilities Interface Problem, from 30,000
ft.

• Silos
• Metrics
• Inertia
• And a few unchallenged oversimplifications

30
Unchallenged Premises Oversimplifications

• Data centers need to be cool in order to prevent
  equipment malfunctions
• Outside air needs HEPA-filtration before it can
  ventilate a data center
• Centralized data centers are more
  energy-efficient than distributed clusters of
  equipment
• CRAC airspeeds cannot be slowed down

31
Typical Rack
Sun N1400 Secure App SW - 104º F
Sun T200 - 95º F
Sun SunFire v240 - 104º F
Sun C4 Tape Library - 95º F
Sun StorEdge 6130 - 104º F
32
Data Center Temperature
Yesterday
Today
33
Cold Aisle Containment
Diagram Source Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory
34
Air-Side Economizers
Temperature and humidity sensor
Hot air
Cold air
35
Factors that Affect IT Energy Efficiency
36
Greener Computing

• Virtualization
• Load Management
• Displays
• Reuse and Recycling
• Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

37
Server Virtualization

• Implemented 111 virtual systems, resulting in
  direct savings of 310,000 kWh and 180 metric tons
  of CO2 annually
• Improved server utilization rates from 5 to
  75-85
• Reduced number of server racks by a ratio of 71,
  eliminating server sprawl and cutting maintenance
  expense
• Carbon reduction 25

Without
With
38
Greener Computing

• Virtualization
• Load Management
• Displays
• Recycling
• Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

39
Load Management

• Energy Star policy
• Enabling/re-enabling power management features
• Computer power management
• Better metering and energy management systems
• Energy storage

40
PC Power ConsumptionLangson Library
Daily Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Emissions (lbs/day)
Emissions before
Emissions after
41
Load Management

• Energy Star policy
• Enabling/re-enabling power management features
• Computer power management
• Better metering and energy management systems
• Energy storage

42
Computer Power Management
Standard PC
Standard PC with Power Management
Virtual Desktop
100W running 8760 hrs 876 kWh/yr
100W running 2,000 hrs 5W sleeping 6,760 hrs
234 kWh/yr
15W running 2,000 hrs 5W sleeping 6,760 hrs
64 kWh/yr
.35 metric tons of CO2e/yr.
.09 metric tons of CO2e/yr.
.03 metric tons of CO2e/yr.
43
Greener Computing

• Virtualization
• Load Management
• Displays
• Recycling
• Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

44
CRT Replacement Program
45
Greener Computing

• Virtualization
• Load Management
• Displays
• Recycling
• Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

46
E-Waste Recycling
47
Greener Computing

• Virtualization
• Load Management
• Displays
• Recycling
• Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

48
Teleconferencing
49
Immediate Actions

• Decommission or consolidate unneeded or
  underutilized hardware
• Procurement policy that requires EPEAT or ENERGY
  STAR rated equipment wherever possible
• Enable desktop and printer power management
  settings
• Enable server power management features
• Raise the temperature in campus data centers
• Create a cooler/warmer aisle configuration for
  equipment racks

50
Three to Six-Month Actions

• Complete an energy audit
• Implement server virtualization to eliminate,
  physical servers and to better utilize fewer
  machines
• Replace CRT monitors with more efficient LCD
  monitors
• Replace fixed flow perforated floor tiles with
  higher flow adjustable tiles to improve air flow
• Contain hot aisles or air-supply aisles

51
One Year Actions

• Implement desktop virtualization, where possible
• Replace data center equipment with more efficient
  units
• Create centralized control and monitoring of
  chilled water units
• Launch a project to install air-side economized
  cooling

52
Energy Infrastructure

• Combined heat and power
• Energy storage
• Renewable power

53
Combined Heat and Power
Southern California Edison
High Pressure Gas
66 kV
0-1 MW solar
Heat Recovery
13.5 MW

Gas Turbine
12 kV

Generator
5.6 MW
Steam (recovered waste heat)
University
52,000 lbs/hr (without duct fire) 120,000 lbs/hr
(with duct fire)
Substation
12 kV
(Standby)
Steam Turbine
Generator



Existing Boilers
90,000 lbs/hr
Steam Turbine
Chiller

Campus Electric Load
Electric Chillers
2000 tons/hr.
14,000 tons/hr.

22 MW Peak 14 MW Avg.
Campus Cooling Load
Heat Recovery Alternative Uses
Campus Heat Load

gt 80,000 ton hours/day
60 MMBTU/hr .(average)
1. Campus heating load
(average)
2. Steam turbine chiller to campus cooling load
Thermal Storage Tank
3. Steam turbine chiller to thermal storage tank
4.5 million gallons of water
4. Steam turbine generator for campus electric
load
(53,000 ton hours)
5. Steam generator powers electric chillers (in
addition to steam chiller) for (A) real-time
cooling or (B) future cooling (via thermal
storage) 6. Any combination of the above
54
Energy Infrastructure

• Combined heat and power
• Energy storage
• Renewable power

55
Energy Storage
56
Energy Infrastructure

• Combined heat and power
• Energy storage
• Renewable power

57
Photovoltaic Installation
58
Housing and Transportation

• Highly interrelated strategies
• On-campus housing
• No commuter zone
• Carbon-neutral transportation
• Fleet down-sizing

59
Expand On-Campus Housing
60
Housing and Transportation

• Highly interrelated strategies
• On-campus housing
• No commuter zone
• Carbon-neutral transportation
• Fleet down-sizing

61
Sustainable Transportation

• UC Irvines 2008 AVR (average vehicle ridership)
  of 1.82 is among the highest of large employers
  in the Los Angeles basin.
• First carshare program in Orange County
• First hydrogen fueling station in Orange County
• First campus bus fleet to run entirely on
  biodiesel

62
Housing and Transportation

• Highly interrelated strategies
• On-campus housing
• No commuter zone
• Carbon-neutral transportation
• Fleet down-sizing

63
Fleet Down-Sizing
64
Behavioral Factors Patterns

• Comfort expectations
• Fume hood sash usage
• Sleep features on computers enabled
• Printing practices
• Bottled water
• Windows and window coverings
• Driving across campus
• Discarding anything due to fashion or trends
• Wasting food
• Discarding things that break
• Leaving campus on weekends

65
Fume Hood Reminder Sticker
66
Carbon Foodprint Labels
67
Overview of Presentation

• The challenges we face
• First-stage actions to cut carbon
• Second-stage actions
• How far short will we then be?
• Mega-scale solutions to close
• the carbon-neutral gap

68
Rooftop Solar Potential at UC Irvine
69
How to Shift the Feasibility Threshold

• Use Net Present Value (NPV) analysis
• Develop consensus that using aggressive,
• pro-renewable assumptions entails some risk
• an intentional value-judgment
• This consensus needs to extend all the way to the
  governing board

70
Key NPV Assumptions

• Escalation of avoided costs (notably, BAU
  procured energy cost)
• Escalation of renewable energy costs
• Avoided costs time-weighted at the margin
• Appropriate discount rate

71
How to Shift the Feasibility Threshold

• Possible NPV modifiers
• Sell carbon attributes for N years to help
  jump-start project
• Assume cost-avoidance beyond year N of not
  procuring carbon offsets
• Apply whichever cost above is greater
• Assume tax-exempt revenue bond prepays 70 of
  procured energy

72
What is really cost neutral?

• Average cost of procured electricity 0.08/kWh
• Solar power purchase agreement (SPPA) 0.142/kWh
• Marginal cost of purchased electricity 0.11/kWh
• Time-averaged marginal cost of purchased
  electricity 0.13/kWh
• SPPA keeps RECs 5 years 0.13/kWh

73
NPV Analysis Case 1
74
NPV Analysis
1 Includes 7.725/ yr. escalation based on IPCC
prediction (carbon 100/ton by 2030) plus 3.5
escalation for inflation.
75
Overview of Presentation

• The challenges we face
• First-stage actions to cut carbon
• Second-stage actions
• How far short will we then be?
• Mega-scale solutions to close
• the carbon-neutral gap

76
The Big Picture

• Current campus fixed-source CO2 emissions
• (plus)
• Buildout of campus (growth)
• (less)
• New construction energy-efficiencies
• (less)
• Energy retrofit and infrastructure projects
• (less)
• On-site renewable power
• (less)
• Procured green power
• (less)
• Behavioral changes that reduce CO2
• (equals)
• Emissions credit procurements (or) off-campus
  renewable project(s)

77
UC Sites withRenewable Energy Potential
78
Most Important Actions To Becoming
Carbon-Neutral

• Reduce energy consumption
• Through conservation actions, curtailments, and
  retrofits
• Focus on labs, IT, and 24x7 loads
• Raise the bar (again) for energy-efficient design
• Expand on-campus housing and sustainable
  transportation
• Invest in renewable energy and efficient energy
  production
• Large-scale solutions for large-scale problem
• Offsets and emissions credits should be a last
  resort!

79
What Can You Do?

• Think big!
• Support ambitious goals and plans for energy
  retrofit and sustainable energy projects
• Be proactive, not reactive
• Break down silos, form cross-functional teams,
  challenge status quo practices