Thinking Digitally

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Thinking Digitally
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• Pixel tiny colored squares that collectively
  makes up a picture
• TOP Actual Size
• BOTTOM 10 pixels by 10 pixels

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• CCD or CMOS Sensor (this is CMOS) semiconductor
  on a digital camera that collects light

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• charge coupled device (CCD)
• This is one that is shown
• complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

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• Resolution - the amount of detail that the camera
  can capture
• measured in pixels
• The more pixels a camera has, the more detail it
  can capture and the larger pictures can be
  without becoming blurry or "grainy."

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• 256x256 - Found on very cheap cameras, this
  resolution is so low that the picture quality is
  almost always unacceptable. This is 65,000 total
  pixels.
• 640x480 - This is the low end on most "real"
  cameras. This resolution is ideal for e-mailing
  pictures or posting pictures on a Web site.
• 1216x912 - This is a "megapixel (million pixels)
  image size -- 1,109,000 total pixels -- good for
  printing pictures.

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• 1600x1200 - With almost 2 million total pixels,
  this is "high resolution." You can print a 4x5
  inch print taken at this resolution with the same
  quality that you would get from a photo lab.
• 2240x1680 - Found on 4 megapixel cameras -- the
  current standard -- this allows even larger
  printed photos, with good quality for prints up
  to 16x20 inches.
• 4064x2704 - A top-of-the-line digital camera with
  11.1 megapixels takes pictures at this
  resolution. At this setting, you can create
  13.5x9 inch prints with no loss of picture
  quality.

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• Some professional cameras support over 16 million
  pixels, or 20 million pixels for large-format
  cameras. For comparison, Hewlett Packard
  estimates that the quality of 35mm film is about
  20 million pixels

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• Each photosite is colorblind.
• It only keeps track of the total intensity of the
  light that strikes its surface.
• In order to get a full color image, most sensors
  use filtering to look at the light in its three
  primary colors (r, g b).
• Once the camera records all three colors, it
  combines them to create the full spectrum.

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• There is different types of filtering that get
  too involved for this class.

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• Most digital cameras have an LCD (liquid crystal
  display) screen to help preview the pictures
• Why mention this?
• Huge perk of digital over film

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RGB v. CMYK

• Computer world vs. Printing World

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• RGB Represent Red, Green and Blue
• CMYK Represents Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black

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• RGB Additive or emitted
• We work with this in digital photography.
• CMYK Subtractive or absorbed
• The printing press will work with this.

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Color Space
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• Think of your art teacher gives you a box of
  crayons.
• There is a master box of crayons that no one can
  get that has 16.7 million crayons.
• 256 x 256 x 256 16.7 million colors

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• The box each person receives will not have all of
  the possible crayons but they will have the
  important ones.
• Some boxes will have more crayons but none will
  have 16.7 million
• The human eye can only see around 10 million.

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• There are many boxes of crayons but two are most
  popular
• Adobe RGB (Made by Adobe)
• sRGB (Made by HP and Microoft)

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• Right displays all of the possible colors a
  certain bit depth
• G
• R
• B

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Another Way to Look at It
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• Grey line represents Adobe RGB
• One type of crayon box
• White line represents sRGB
• Another type of crayon box

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• The lines represent the colors that the color
  space will include.
• Adobe has a wider color space (more greens and
  blues) therefore better (sort of)
• Box of crayons is larger.

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• sRGB (white) has been around much longer and
  therefore more standard in most photography lab
• Smaller box of crayons.

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• WE WILL BE USING sRGB 100 of time!

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Bit Depth
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• Monochrome 1 bit
• Two (21) colors are possible per pixel
• Black or white
• Example Standard Newspaper Print

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• Grayscale 8 bit
• 256 (28) colors are possible per pixel
• 256 shades of grey
• Example Black and White Photograph

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• True Color 24 bit (8 bits per color or channel
  times three colors)
• 16.7 million colors (224 28 x 28 x 28) are
  possible per pixel
• 16.7 million colors
• Example Photographs

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Storage
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• Most digital cameras use flash memory.
• Different companies make their own.
• Type I and Type II compact flash (one we use)
• Standard for DSLRs

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• Sonys memory stick

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• SD Cards

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• xD Card

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PPI vs. DPI

• Pixels per Inch
• Vs.
• Dots Per Inch

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DPI vs. PPI

• The difference between the two lies between
  printing world and the computer world.

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• DPI (Dot per Inch)
• How many dots of ink per inch are laid down on a
  paper.

• PPI (Pixel per Inch)
• How many pixels you will find

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Image File Formats

• JPG, TIFF, RAW and PSD

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• There are many file formats used to display
  pictures.
• There are few that are commonly used.

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• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
• Most commonly used file format
• Advantage
• Can be compressed for a smaller file size
• Disadvantage
• Lossy compression
• Too much compression can cause distortions
  (pixilation)
• Saving too much can cause distortions

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• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
• Lossless Image used by professionals
• Advantage
• Clean (no pixilation) image every time
• Disadvantage
• Huge file size

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• RAW
• Camera company (like Nikon and Canon) own native
  image file
• Advantage
• Best representation of what was captured by the
  camera
• Huge and fast editing power
• Helps with minor goofs (no excuse to be sloppy)
• Disadvantage
• Huge file size
• Extra step involved trying to get so that
  everyone can use it

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• PSD
• Photoshop file that allows the application of
  Photoshop image editing tools
• Advantage
• Gives great power in Photoshop editing
• Lossless
• Disadvantage
• REALLY Huge file size sometimes
• Can only be used in Photoshop

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• We will be shooting in RAW most of the time.

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Bottom Line
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• Shoot in RAW
• Convert at 300 PPI