Title: Renewable Energy Making It Work
1Renewable Energy Making It Work
- Jyoti Parikh
- Integrated Research and Action for Development,
- New Delhi
- 19 April 2006
2CHARACTERISTICS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES
- Poverty Less Options More Suffering
- Large Population Its Growth
- High Fossil Fuel Dependence
- Warm Climate Except Japan China
- Large Coastal Zones In Many Countries
- High Frequency of Extreme Events Cyclones,
Typhoons, Flooding
3Energy Technology
- New circumstances can create new opportunities
- Every technology has to redefine itself to avoid
obsolescence - How can renewable energy establish itself in the
21st century
4Criteria determining choice of technology
- Renewables supply about 1 of the energy market
(excluding hydro)
- how can renewables help replace traditional
energy ? - in which way can it claim higher share of the
conventional energy market ? - what opportunities are offered by the local and
global environmental concerns in the preference
of energy technology ? - what are the the niche markets that can be
expanded ? - what are the opportunities from synergy with
other technological developments ?
5Choice of Energy System
- technology (scale, efficiency, locked
infrastructure, product designs and standards) - costs (finance, interest rates, capital, taxes,
relative prices) - accessibility (reliability, infrastructure, total
potential, competitiveness, adequacy of supply,
storage or hydrid) - environment (pollution, climate change, proximity
of pollution, health welfare, environmental
impacts) - politics (war,sanctions, subsidy, regulation)
- demographic (lifestyle, family size, age profile,
personal values) - convenience ( time needed, familiarity, habit,
pleasure) - safety (risk perception, potential catastrophe,
sustainability, renewability, future generation) - information (media, education, marketing)
6Expanding Renewable Energy Market
New Areas High Paying Remote Areas
traditional
conventional
- Fossil fuels
- Resource Scarcity
- Enforcement
- Climate Change
- Gestation periods
- Wood, Dung,
- Residues
- Health
- Development
Synergistic Development with Emerging Technologies
7Primary source of energy for cooking in urban and
rural India
SourceCMIE,Energy,2000
8Primary source of energy for lighting in urban
and rural India (CONTD.)
SourceCMIE,Energy,2000
9DAYS SPENT/LOST (IN MILLION) PER YEAR DUE TO
ENERGY, WATER, SANITATION AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
RURAL ALL INDIA
10Major pollutants emitted from biofuels
Source Smith, 1983
11Financial Allocation to Renewables in India (GoI
1998 MNES, 1998)
12Subsidy for Energy Sector in India During 1996-97
Rs Crore
Source Data for petroleum from MOPNG (1997) and
for power sector from GoI (1999)
13Biofuels
14Oil Yielding Plants
450 varieties identified in various parts of India
- Jatropha curcas or Ratanjot
- Pongamia pinnata or Karanj
- Calophyllum inophyllum or Nagchampa
- Hevea brasiliensis or Rubber seeds
- Calotropis gigantia or Ark
- Euphorbia tirucalli or Sher
- Boswellia ovalifololata
15National Mission on Bio-Diesel
- Jatropha Plantation in 0.4million ha.will
generate - 127.6 million person days of work
- Seed collection will provide sustainable
- employment to
- 8 million person days or 0.122 million person/
year - Primary processing, oil esterification,
- transport etc. will create additional jobs
16Biodiesel - Systems Approach
Modification needed to use in Transport vehicles,
stationary equipment, and oil cakes
Separation of seed, kernels, Procurement of seeds
plantation of Oil bearing trees
Oil extraction, blending and processing
Plantation of Oil bearing trees
Energy Policy
17INDIAN INITIATIVES
18Demonstration Phase
- It is planned for 4,00,000 hectare Jatropha
plantation in the country. The phasing of
plantation is proposed as -
19Criteria for Land Availability
- Department of Land Resources under Ministry of
Rural Development, GOI has proposed the criteria
for selection of lands for Jatropha plantation.
These are - Annual rainfall should exceed 600mm
- The pH of soil should be less than 9 (Wasteland
category Alkaline/saline slight ) - Temperature should not fall below 00 C. In the
Himalayan states in India there are places
located above 1500 meters where temperature falls
below 00 C. Hence the elevation of lands for
plantation in the Himalayas should not exceed
1500meters - The slope of land should not exceed 300
- The land should not be waterlogged (Wasteland
Categories 67) - The land should not be barren rocky/stony
(Wasteland Category 26)
20POLICY FRAMEWORK
21Stakeholders involved in biodiesel production
Devise policy framework coordinating mechanism
Oil companies blending standardization
Oil extraction units
Procurement centres seed collection centres
Farmers
22Policy Framework
Purchase Policies with MSP
MOPNG, MOAC, Oil Cos.
Strengthening the supply side
End use Practices
Policy Framework
MOCI, Oil cos.
MORD,MOAC
Extraction of oil from seeds
MOAC, MOARI, MOSSI, MOCI
23Roadmap.
-
- How to mobilize cultivation? What scale is
possible? - What policy framework (financial interventions,
mandate and standards) is needed? - What coordination is needed with vehicle
industries? - Cost sharing, modernization of equipment. Will
they also need direct subsidy? - What institutional structure is suitable that
permits flexibility and reduces constraints and
barriers? - Can CDM help in generating the needed revenues?
What policy should be avoided to ensure CDM
benefits?
24Environment and Health
25Health impacts of Collection of Fuels
- Results in backache (50), neck ache, headache
and bruises every week (80 )
- 19 persons in HP have some symptoms
IRADe survey Himachal Pradesh
26HEALTH HAZARDS AT EVERY STEP
Activity
Health Impact
Solutions
- Search and Collect
- Biomass
- Walking
- Cutting
- Bruises
- Snake bites
- Insect bites
- Bringing
- fuelwood closer
- Plantations
- Processing and
- Stacking
- Bundling
- Drying
27BIO-FUEL CHAIN AND HEALTH
Activity
Health Impact
Solutions
- Backache
- Headache
- Knee pain
- Community
- transportation,
- cycle rickshaws
-
Transportation Of Heavy Loads
- Respiratory
- Eye diseases
- Infant mortality
- Adverse
- pregnancy
- Clean fuels
- Superior stoves
- Renewable
- technologies
Cooking
28Linkage of respiratory diseases with literacy of
female adults (North India)
29Vulnerability By Age Groups
The risk of having respiratory symptoms among
adults increases with age.
IRADe Study Himachal Pradesh
30Role /Status of womenDrudgery in Collection of
Fuels
- Women have to walk every month in the state ,
spending 40 hours during 15 trips, each of about
3 hrs to fetch fuels - Time and efforts for collection of fuelwoods
IRADe survey Himachal Pradesh
31Reaching The MDGsBy Addressing Gender And
Energy Issues
- Reduce rural poverty and improve the situation of
women - through the provision of affordable energy
services - reduce the burden on women of exhausting and
repetitive tasks - improved access to cooking fuels and
energy-efficient technologies for pumping water
and other agricultural activities - promote economic opportunities for women
- free up time from usual activities and reallocate
their time toward attending to agricultural
tasks, improving agricultural productivity,
developing micro-enterprises, increase income and
improve family well-being
32Energy and Millenium Development Goal (MDG)
attainment
Millenium Development Goals
How energy can help?
Goal 4 Reduce child mortality (by 66 the
mortality rate) Goal 5 Improve maternal health
(by 75 the maternity mortality rates)
- Indoor air pollution
- Fuel supply
- Work burden
- Kerosene and LPG
Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal
8 Safe drinking Water and Sanitation
- Deforestation
- Indoor pollution
- Climate change
- Water sanitation
- Energy consumption
33Conclusions
- Renewable energy has to define to decide what
end-user needs can be satisfied - Focussed strategies for different markets
- New context/milieu
- Environment, Gender and Health
- Globalisation
- Markets determine energy choices
- Tapping emerging markets technologies to
advantage
34THANK YOU
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