Chemical Bonds

1
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
Observation
Four different elements are all colorless,
odorless, tasteless, rare, and completely
chemically unreactive gases
1. Hypothesis
What is the relationship between an atoms
structure (independent variable) and an atoms
chemical reactivity (dependent variable)?
2. Prediction
3. Gather Data
Draw orbital notations for the following
Draw electron-dot (Lewis-Dot) structures for the
following
Ar
Ar
1s
2s
3s
Ne
Ne
1s
2s
2
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
3. Gather Data
?

Uranium-238 (solid)
Thorium-234 (solid)
alpha particle (radiation)
First radioactive element discovered, in
1898, by Marie Curie
?
2nd-leading cause of lung cancer
?


Radium-230 (solid)
Radon-226 (gas)
Second radioactive element discovered, named for
its co-discoverers beloved homeland
?
?


Polonium-222 (solid)
Lead-218 (solid, non-radioactive)
Marie Curie 1867-1934
3
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
3. Gather Data
Draw orbital notations for the following
Draw electron-dot (Lewis-Dot) structures for the
following
Rn
Rn
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
3d
4d
6s
5d
4f
He
He
1s
4
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
4. Analyze Data
What do the orbital notations of these four
chemically unreactive elements have in common?
5. Draw Conclusions
a. All four elements are found in the same
vertical column (group) on the Periodic Table
b. All are called Noble Gases, along with
Krypton and Xenon
c. All have outer-most energy levels are full of
electrons (8 or 2)
5
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
-all ________ have a _____ to be ______, like
the ______ ______. ______
elements
drive
stable
Noble
Gases
Why?
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
6
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
-all ________ have a _____ to be ______, like
the ______ ______. ______
elements
drive
stable
Noble
Gases
Why?
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
7
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
-all ________ have a _____ to be ______, like
the ______ ______. ______
elements
drive
stable
Noble
Gases
Why?
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
8
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
-all ________ have a _____ to be ______, like
the ______ ______. ______
elements
drive
stable
Noble
Gases
Why?
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
9
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
-all ________ have a _____ to be ______, like
the ______ ______. ______
elements
drive
stable
Noble
Gases
Why?
Wants to go
(and probably will)
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
Most stable
2nd-most stable
2nd-least stable
Least stable
Most work, energy
2nd-most work, energy
2nd-least work, energy
Least work, energy
10
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
Na
Na
Cl
Cl
11
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
Na
Na
Cl
Cl
12
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
Na
Na
Cl
Cl
13
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
To be like Neon
loses 1 electron

Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
Ionic bond
NaCl
-Cl
Na
Sodium chloride
Cl
Cl
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
To be like Argon
gains 1 electron
14
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding

Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
NaCl
-Cl
Na
Sodium chloride
Cl
Cl
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
15
Chemical Bonds
I. Stability in Bonding
11
11


11-
10-
____
____
0
1
Sodium atom
Sodium ion

Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
NaCl
-Cl
Na
Sodium chloride
Cl
Cl
1s
2s
3s
2p
3p
Chlorine atom
Chloride ion
18
18


18-
19-
____
____
0
1-
16
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
-______ ______ are types of _________ ______
formed through the ________ of _________, which
leads to the _________ of __________- ________
_____, which in turn are _________ to _____
______. This __________ between
__________-________ _____ is an ______ _____
ionic
bonds
chemical
bonds
exchange
electrons
A. Ionic Bonds
formation
oppositely
charged
ions
attracted
each
other
attraction
oppositely
charged
ions
ionic
bond
To be like Neon
loses 2 electrons

Mg
Mg

1s
2s
2p
Ionic bond
Magnesium oxide
To be like Neon
gains 2 electrons
MgO
O
O
1s
2s
2p
17
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
A. Ionic Bonds

Mg
Mg

1s
2s
2p
Ionic bond
Magnesium oxide
MgO
O
O
1s
2s
2p
18
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
12
12
A. Ionic Bonds


12-
10-
____
____
0
2
Magnesium atom
Magnesium ion

Mg
Mg

1s
2s
2p
Ionic bond
Magnesium oxide
MgO
O
O
1s
2s
2p
Oxygen atom
Oxide ion
8
8


8-
____
10-
____
0
1-
19
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
A. Ionic Bonds
Na
Na
O
O
20
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
A. Ionic Bonds
Na
Na
O
O
21
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
A. Ionic Bonds
Na
Na
O
O
22
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
To be like Neon
loses 1 electron
A. Ionic Bonds

Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
gains 2 electrons
O
O
1s
2s
2p

Na
Na
Na2O
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
Na
Na
loses 1 electron
Sodium oxide
23
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
To be like Neon
loses 1 electron
A. Ionic Bonds

Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
gains 2 electrons
O
O
1s
2s
2p

Na
Na
Na2O
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
Na
Na
loses 1 electron
Sodium oxide
24
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
To be like Neon
loses 1 electron
A. Ionic Bonds

Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
gains 2 electrons
O
O
1s
2s
2p

Na
Na
Na2O
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
Na
Na
loses 1 electron
Sodium oxide
25
Chemical Bonds
II. Types of Bonds
To be like Neon
loses 1 electron
A. Ionic Bonds

Na
Na
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
gains 2 electrons
O
O
1s
2s
2p

Na
Na
Na2O
1s
2s
2p
To be like Neon
Na
Na
loses 1 electron
Sodium oxide