Environment and Development

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Environment and Development

• Dr. P. M. Prasad

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• Environmental Problems
• Theory of Environmental Policy
• Environmental Policy in India

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Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on
Developing Countries in Terms Population Growth
and Poverty
Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for
Environmental Degradation On Developed
Countries Because of Affluence or Energy
Intensive Consumption Patterns
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Theory of Environmental Policy

• Externality Problem
• Market Based (Ex-ante) Instruments
• Emission Charges or Taxes
• Deposit-refund Systems
• Marketable or Tradable Emission Permits
• Output Taxes and
• Performance Bonds and No-compliance Fees
• Reducing Government Subsidies

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• Command and Control Regulation Standards
• Criteria for choosing among environmental Policy
  Instruments
• Environmental Effectiveness
• Static Efficiency
• Dynamic incentives
• Flexibility
• Monitoring and Enforcement
• Equity and
• Acceptability
• Bargaining Solutions Coase theorem
• Liability (Ex-post)
• Information Programmes

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Environmental Policy in India

• Introduction
• UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972
• The Water Act of 1974 (Amendment, 1988)
• The Constitution of India (42nd Amendment, 1976)
• The Air Act of 1981 (Amendment, 1987)
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
• The Environmental Protection Act of 1986
• The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986
• The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991

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• The UN Conference on Environment and Development
  (Earth Summit), 1992 (Rio)
• Agenda 21
• Precautionary Principle (15)
• Polluter Pays Principle (16)
• The Earth Summit, 2002

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Environment and Development in India Case Studies
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Conclusion