Elements and Principles of Architectural Design

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Elements and Principles of Architectural Design

• Nansemond River High SchoolCareer and Technical
  Education
• Dawn Rountree, Instructor

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Competencies 8437.001 8437.003

• Define architectural drawing.
• Describe the fundamentals of the architectural
  design process.

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Related Standards of Learning

• English 10.4
• English 11.4
• English 12.4
• WG.12

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• National Industry Standards
• The Characteristics and Scope of Technology
• The Attributes of Design
• Apply the Design Process

• All Aspects of Industry
• Community Issues
• Underlying Principles of Technology
• Labor Issues

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Elements of Architectural Design
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Elements

• Line
• Form
• Space
• Color

• Light
• Materials
• Texture

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Line

• Encloses space and provides the outline or
  contour of forms

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Types of Lines

• Horizontal Lines
• Emphasize width
• Suggests relaxation and calmness
• Vertical Lines
• Creates the impression of height
• Creates the feeling of strength and alertness

• Diagonal Lines
• Creates the feeling of restlessness or transition
• Curved Lines
• Indicates soft, graceful and flowing movements

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Horizontal and Vertical lines

• Dominate architectural designs which give the
  designs a sense of stability
• Create the most pleasing design when used
  creatively in patterns.

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Form

• Produced by joining lines together to create the
  shape of an area.
• Form should always follow function.

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Types of Forms

• A combination of 2 or more straight lines can
  form
• Triangles
• Rectangles
• Other geometric shapes

• A closed curved line can form
• Circles
• Ovals
• Ellipses
• Free-Formed Closed Curves

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• Circles and ovals create a feeling of
  completeness.
• Squares and rectangles produce a feeling of
  precision.

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Space

• Surrounds form and is contained within it.
• Design includes the art of defining space and
  spatial relationships.
• Space consideration is as important as the actual
  objects and materials used.

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Color

• Can strengthen or diminish interest in a project.
• Influences the final appearance of any design.
• To create effective designs, a designer must
  understand the nature and relationship of colors.

COLOR
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The Color Spectrum

• Primary Colors
• Can NOT be made.
• RED
• YELLOW
• BLUE

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The Color Spectrum

• Secondary Colors
• Can be made from equal mixtures of 2 primary
  colors
• GREENcombination of yellow and blue
• VIOLETcombination of blue and red
• ORANGEcombination of red and yellow

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The Color Spectrum

• Tertiary Colors
• Made from a combination of a primary color and a
  neighboring secondary color
• RED-ORANGE
• YELLOW-ORANGE
• YELLOW-GREEN
• BLUE-VIOLET
• BLUE-GREEN

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The Color Spectrum

• Neutrals
• WHITE
• GRAY
• BLACK

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Color Quality--Hue

• Hue
• The name of the color
• Does not change if the color is lightened or
  darkened

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Color Quality-VALUE

• VALUE
• Refers to the lightness or darkness of a hue.
• Varying the value of a color can change the mood
  of a room.
• TINT
• Lighter/higher value of a color
• Add WHITE to a color
• Makes a room look larger
• SHADE
• Darker/lower value of a color
• Add BLACK to a color
• Makes a room look smaller

TINT
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Uses of Color

• Affects the atmosphere of a building
• Formality, temperature and mood are influenced by
  color design

• Colors that create a feeling of warmth,
  informality, cheer and happiness are RED,
  ORANGE, and YELLOW.
• Colors that create a feeling of quiet, formality,
  restfulness and coolness are BLUE and GREEN

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Light

• Reflects from the surface of forms
• Shadows appear in areas where light cannot reach
• Gives a sense of depth to a structure
• Allows you to be able to plan for a variety of
  levels of light in a room or building

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Materials

• The raw substances designers use to create
  objects/rooms/etc
• Materials possess their own properties such as
• Color Form Dimension
• Texture Degree of Hardness

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Texture

• The surface finish of an object.
• Examples include
• Roughness
• Smoothness
• Coarseness
• Fineness

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Textures

• Concrete, Stone
• Brick
• Rough and dull
• Strength and informality

• Glass, Aluminum
• Plastics
• Smooth
• Luxury and formality

Height Appearances Rough SurfacesReduce the
height Smooth SurfacesIncrease the
height
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Principles of Architectural Design

• The guidelines for how to effectively combine the
  elements of design.
• Helps buildings be aesthically pleasing and
  functional.

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Principles

• Balance
• Rhythm Repetition
• Emphasis
• Subordination

• Proportion
• Unity
• Variety Opposition
• Transition

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Balance

• The feeling of stability (equilibrium)
• Requires a harmonious relationship in the
  distribution of space, form, line, color, light
  and materials

• Asymmetrical
• Informally Balanced
• Symmetrical
• Formally Balanced

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Rhythm Repetition

• Rhythm creates motion and carries the eye to
  various parts of the space
• Repeating lines, colors, patterns, etc, helps to
  create rhythm and harmony.

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Emphasis

• Gives importance to an area and draws a viewers
  attention to a certain area or subject.
• FOCAL POINT
• It is the point of interest in a project that
  draws attention.

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Subordination

• Occurs when emphasis is achieved through design.

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Proportion

• The relationship of one part to another.
• Proportion of interior space, furniture, and
  accessories should be harmonious.
• Spatial division and set-ups can change the
  appearance of the same amount of space.

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Unity

• Expression of the sense of wholeness in the
  design.
• Every structure should appear complete.
• There should be no appendages or afterthoughts.
• Achieved through the use of consistent line and
  color and joining together the basic elements of
  good design to form one whole.
• Achieved by using any of the elements of design.

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Variety Opposition

• Variety can be achieved with opposition.
• Opposition involves contrasting elements such as
  short long, thick thin, straight curved, or
  light dark.
• You must be careful to have a good combination
  because too much unity, rhythm or repetition can
  ruin variety and a project.

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Transition

• The change from one color, line or texture while
  maintaining the unity of the design.

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Review

• Line
• Form
• Space
• Color
• Light
• Materials
• Texture

• Balance
• Rhythm Repetition
• Emphasis
• Subordination
• Proportion
• Unity
• Variety Opposition
• Transition

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Concept Review Activities

• Worksheet
• Elements Principles of Design Research Activity