Does Investing in Irrigation Help

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Does Investing in Irrigation Help?
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Distribution of Irrigated Area by Continents
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Rationale for Investing

• 200 M people underfed and 50 M on brink of
  starvation
• Growth rate of grain production dropped to 1.2
  from 2.3
• Efficient and environment-friendly irrigation
  management
• Core Issue
• Does investing in irrigation help reduce poverty?
  
• How can design and management of irrigation
  projects help do so?

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IWMI-TATA Papers
M. Bhattarai and A. Narayanamoorthy
Irrigation Impact on Agricultural Growth and
Poverty Alleviation Macro Level Impact Analyses
in India
M. Dinesh Kumar
Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture in
India The Water Management Challenge
T. Shah and O. P. Singh
Irrigation Development and Rural Poverty in
Gujarat, India A Disaggregated Analysis
S. J. Phansalkar and S. Mardikar
Understanding Underdevelopment Water and Poverty
in Vidarbha
R. Sakthivadivel
Mainstreaming Ooranis - A way Forward Issues and
Options
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Contd
M. Samad
Impact of Water Resources Development on Poverty
Overview of IWMIs Research Results
A. Narayanamoorthy
Groundwater Irrigation and Rural Poverty Nexus
An Analysis Across States in India
M. Lipton and J. Litchfield
The Impact of Irrigation on Poverty
S. Fan, P. Hazell and S. K. Thorat
Impact of Public Expenditure on Poverty in Rural
India
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Framework showing linkages between irrigation
key impact

• Increased crop yields
• Increased cropping intensity
• Increased multiple cropping
• Opportunity for high value crop
• Opportunity for high year-round crop

Access to Irrigation
Production

• Reduced level of consumption shortfall
• Stabilization of farm income
• Increased food consumption
• Increased income from crop production
• Reduced food prices

Income/ Consumption
Employment

• Increased on off farm employment
• Stabilization of employment opportunities
• Increased rural wages rates

• Income opportunities for landless
• Enhanced food availability
• Reduced risk of crop failure
• Reduced seasonality effects of production

Food Security

• Reduced rural emigration
• Reduced indebtedness
• Increased resources for health education
• Improved overall resource base

Overall welfare
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Impact of Irrigation on Rural Poverty

• Significant inverse relationship between
  incidence of rural poverty GWI area per
  thousand rural population (Narayanamoorthy 2001)
• Access to irrigation reduced inter-year variation
  in incomes (Phansalkar Mardikar 2002)
• Government expenditure on productivity enhancing
  investment has contributed to reduction of
  poverty (Fan et al. 2000)
• Increased cropping intensity, crop yield and farm
  employment (Samad 2002)
• Irrigation plays vital role in explaining
  inter-state variation on agricultural growth in
  India over last 26 yrs (Bhattarai
  Narayanamoorthy 2002)

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Contd..

• Access to irrigation is a sufficient condition
  for poverty reduction but not considered
  necessary one (Shah Singh 2002)
• Urbanization industrialization

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Factors Influencing Agricultural Growth Rural
Poverty

• Degree of urbanization, land productivity, FIRP,
  infrastructure are significant determinants of
  variation in BPL (Shah Singh 2002)
• Expenditure on infrastructure, Agril. research
  development, education, irrigation (Fan et al.
  1999)
• Rural literacy irrigation (Ravallion Dutt
  1996 Mellor 2001 Desai 2002 Bhattarai 2002)

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Pre Green Revolution

• Land reform and investment in irrigation
• Growth rate raised to 3.15 from less than 0.5
  
• Post Green Revolution
• Enhancement of irrigation, use of fertilizer
  HYVs
• Pushing productivity up by utilizing irrigation
  facilities

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Groundwater Vs Surface water

• Hectare under CI has larger impact on farm income
• GW is more reliable controllable democratic
• Sustaining past growth and ensuring food security
  
• Tapping under-utilized GW managing water
• Water logging salinity

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Managing Water for Food Security

• Water supply and demand for irrigation need to be
  balanced (Kumar 2002)
• Equity needs to be ensured in access to control
  over water
• Maximization of production from available
  resources

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Multiple Uses of Irrigation Water

• Recognition of multiple uses
• Irrigation water policy
• Positive impacts on rural livelihood
  (Sakthivadivel 2002)

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Future Pro Poor Strategies
Invest in irrigation
Extend participatory irrigation
Involve small-scale farmers
Increase opportunities for poor
Promote the adoption of micro technology
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Ideas Generated

• Impact of pvt. sector led investment on poverty
• Conjunctive use of water in irrigated agriculture
• Inequity Issues
• Determinants of water productivity
• Irrigation impact on FHHs
• Institutional aspects

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Thank You
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Narayanamoorthy, 2001
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Expenditure on Irrigation Sector

• Major medium 82.68 to 59.84
• Minor irrigation 14.42 to 30.02

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Source Shah Singh, 2002
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Punjab (118) Over Exploited blocks 62 Dark
blocks 8
UP (895) Over Exploited Blocks 19 Dark Blocks
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Haryana (108) Over Exploited blocks 45 Dark
blocks 6
Bihar (585) Dark blocks 1
Rajasthan (236) Over Exploited Blocks 45 Dark
Blocks 11
Gujarat (184) Over Exploited Talukas 12 Dark
Talukas 14
Madhya Pradesh (459) Dark Block 3
Maharashtra (1503) Dark Blocks 34
Andhra Pradesh (1104) Over Exploited Mandals
6 Dark Mandals 24
Karnataka (175) Over Exploited Blocks 6 Dark
Blocks 12
Tamil Nadu (384) Over Exploited Blocks 54 Dark
Blocks 43
Kerala (154) Dark Block 1
Source CGWB, 1995
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Punjab 200000 ha
UP 430000 ha
Haryana 249000 ha
Bihar 619700 ha
Rajasthan 179500 ha
Orissa 196260 ha
Gujarat 172590 ha
MP 73120 ha
Maharashtra 15350 ha
Andhra Pradesh 266400 ha
Karnataka 24540 ha
Tamil Nadu 16190 ha
Kerala 11610 ha
Source GOI, 1999
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Ambiguities Unknowns

• Appropriate institutions, policies management
  practices

Performance improvement interventions
Decentralization of control
Users involvement in irrigation management
Regulatory instruments
Market based approaches
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Ways Ahead.

• Why do poverty still exist in irrigated
  agriculture?
• What are the realistic options to make irrigation
  investment more effective to reduce poverty?