GEOG 101b Introduction to Human Geography

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GEOG 101b Introduction to Human Geography
Lecture 5 Week 3 The demographic
transition, Migration and mobility
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Contents

• The demographic transition
• Early migration
• Migration patterns
• Why do people migrate?
• Mobility transition

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1. The Demographic Transition
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Migration/Mobility

• Definitions
• Mobility Ability to move
• Migration Long-distance move to a new location
• Gross migration Total (in and out)
• Net migration Gain or loss in population

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2. Early migration

• Ancient migrations
• ca. 1.8 million and 100,000 years ago from Africa
  to
• Europe,
• the Middle East,
• India,
• southern China,
• Southeast Asia,
• Approx. 12,000 Years ago move into the Americas

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3. Migration patterns

• Permanent / Temporary migration
• Immigration in-migration
• Emigration - out-migration
• Chain migration
• Counter migration
• Intervening opportunities
• Voluntary and forced migration

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Forced migration

• The Eastern Slave Trade
• 7th C dominated by Arabs
• 14 to 29 million North/East African slaves
• The Western Slave Trade
• 16th to 19th C dominated by Europeans
• 11 to 30 million African slaves
• to the West Indies, Arabia (by UK)
• to the Americas (by Portuguese)

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...continuation

• Forced convict migrants
• From GB and Ireland to Australia
• Indentured labour ( contracted labour) (since
  late 19th C)
• From India, China (coolies), Japan, Angola,
  Pacific Island

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4. Why do people migrate?

• Push factors - induce people to move out of their
  present location
• Pull factors - induce people to move into a new
  location

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Political push factors

• War and persecution
• Geopolitical reasons
• Cultural reasons (ethnic cleansing)
• Race
• Religion

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• Source http//www.robert-fisk.com/pictures_afgan_
  refugees.htm

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ORIGIN OF MAJOR REFUGEE POPULATIONS IN 2004

• Source http//www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home
  ?pagestatistics

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Economical push factors

• Lack of employment
• Lack of opportunities for professional
  development
• Low income

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Environmental push factors

• Lack or dispute over resources
• water
• agricultural land
• Environmental hazards
• Floods
• Droughts
• earthquakes

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Pull factors

• Political freedom, ideology
• Economical opportunities, incentives
• Environmental perceived benefits from the
  environment

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• Ravensteins laws of migration (Ravenstein
  1834-1913)
• .Are there any organising principles in
  population movements?

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Ravensteins laws

• 1. Net migration amounts to only a fraction of
  gross migration.
• 2. Most migrants only go a short distance.
• 3. Migrants who do move far tend to choose big
  city destinations.
• 4. Urban residents are less migratory than rural
  residents.
• 5. Most international migrants are young adults.
• 6. Most migrants proceed step-by-step.

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Continuation...

• 7. Large cities tend to grow by migration, rather
  than by natural increase.
• 8. Major cause of voluntary migration is
  economic.
• 9. Females are more migratory than males within
  their country of birth, but males frequently
  venture beyond.
• 10. Migration increases in volume as industries
  and commerce develop and transport improves.
• 11. The usual direction of migration is from
  agricultural areas to centres of industry and
  commerce.

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The Mobility transition

• there are definite patterned regularities in the
  growth of personal mobility through space-time
  ....
• (Zelinsky 1971)

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There are definite patterns and regularities

• international migration
• rural-urban shift
• Migration towards the Frontier
• inter-urban
• intra-urban

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Mobility phases Zelinsky (1971)

• Phase 1 Pre-modern traditional society
• little migration

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continuation...

• Phase 2 - Early transitional society (18th C for
  Western Europe)
• industrial revolution
• rural to urban movement
• increased urbanisation
• movement into colonies

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continuation...

• Phase 3 - Late transitional society (first half
  of 20th C for Western Europe)
• rural to urban migration
• emigration continues
• circulation becomes more complex

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continuation...

• Phase 4 - Advanced society
• inter-city or intra-city
• improved transportation
• better living standards
• international migration of professionals

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continuation...

• Phase 5 - Super-advanced society
• inter- urban
• international migration more regulated

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Critique on Zelinskys theory

• Deterministic
• Perspective from the developed world
• Little attention to the actual mechanisms, which
  make people move
• No attention as to how cultural factors may
  affect mobility behaviour

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Selectivity of migration

• age
• marital status
• gender
• occupation
• education
• life-cycle

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Mobility Spatial interaction and spatial
behaviour

• Activity space
• Distance decay (space-time relation)
• Critical distance
• Information and perception

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Recent immigration to Canada