HYDROGEN FUEL BLENDING

1
HYDROGEN FUEL BLENDING

• A step for increasing the demand for hydrogen,
  while not requiring new distribution systems

2
What Does This Mean?

• Mixing Hydrogen with conventional fuels like
  Natural Gas
• Uses Existing Energy Conversion Technologies

3
ADVANTAGES

• Extends Conventional Fuel Supplies
• Reduces Peak Demand
• Can Increase Fuel Source Diversity
• Avoids the Cost of a Pure Hydrogen Distribution
  Infrastructure

4
Limitations

• Source of Hydrogen is a Factor in Benefits
• Cost of Hydrogen Compared to Other Fuels
• Relatively Untested Concept
• Codes and Standards Development

5
NATURAL GAS APPLICATIONS

• Blending into Pipelines
• Blending into LDC System
• Blending at Point of End Use

6
Natural Gas End Use Technologies

• Internal Combustion Engines
• Gas Turbines
• Boiler Fuel

7
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

• Not a New idea
• Denver Test in 1990
• Hythane Actively Marketed Now.
  (15-20 H2 by Volume)
• 50 Reduction in NOx and CO Emissions with 5
  Hydrogen in Natural Gas is Now Possible
• (Per Hydrogen Components Inc.)

8
(No Transcript)
9
GAS TURBINES

• Burning a mixture of 12 H2 and 88 natural
  gas and using water injection to limit NOx to 25
  ppmv, economic analyses indicate that the total
  cost of achieving the NOx reductions (to 25 ppmv)
  would be less than the cost of retrofitting a
  turbine with DLN combustors.
• (ASME technical paper 99-GT-115, presented at
  ASME Turbo Expo 1999)

10
GAS TURBINES
11
GAS TURBINES

• Hydrogen Mitigates High CO Emissions in Steam and
  Water Injection Applications
• Hydrogen Improves Part Load Dynamics Problems in
  DLN Burner Applications
• Hydrogen Can Increase NOx in Diffusion Flame Type
  Combustors
• Hydrogen Improves Flame Stability
• Hydrogen Reduces CO2 Emissions

12
GAS TURBINES
13
GAS TURBINES

• Fuel Economics
• Depends on Relative Fuel Prices
• H2 cost 2-6/Mscf
• Equivalent Price _at_ (274Btu/scf)
• Nat Gas 7.30-21.90/MMBtu

14
BOILER FUEL

• Refineries Burning Mixed H2 Methane Now as
  Boiler Fuel
• Mixed Fuel Combustion Issues are Similar to Gas
  Turbines
• Increased H2O in Exhaust Gas Increases Energy
  Losses
• Economizer Can Recover H2O Energy

15
BOILER FUEL

• Need Modifications to Burner Control Systems
• On Site Hydrogen Storage
• Possible Modifications to Valve Train

16
Issues Blending on LDC System

• Composition Pressure of Pipeline
• Impact on End Use Appliances
• Volatility of Leakage
• H2 Supply and Storage
• What Percentage?
• H2 Cost Recovery

17
PIPELINE BLENDING

• LDC System Issues Carry Over
• Leakage
• Gaskets Seals
• Odorant?
• Flammability
• Embrittlement
• No Consensus on Technical Limits

18
HYDROGEN-DIESEL

• H2-Diesel HPDI Dual Fuel Engines
• Westport-Cummins Project
• Utilizes Natural Gas or H2 with 10 Diesel as
  Pilot Fuel in Diesel Engines
• (Under Study in Vancouver B.C.)

19
CONCLUSIONS

• End Use Blending Applications Appear Easier in
  Short Term
• Enough Information Out There to Show Blending Can
  Work
• Economics a Big Factor
• Each Situation Must Be Separately Evaluated