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Plant Identification

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Number of petals on a flower is often used in the identification of plant families and genera. ... inflorescence with the flowers single on pedicels (stems) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Plant Identification


1
Plant Identification
  • Roots, Stems, Leaves and Flowers are the
    Criteria.

2
Plant Identification
  • Many things are taken into consideration when
    trying to identify a plant.
  • Roots, stems, leaves and flowers will help in the
    identification process.

3
Terminology
  • In order to be able to identify a plant and put
    it in the right family, you need to know the
    terminology to use.

4
Plant Identification
  • You have two main categories of plants.
  • Monocots grasses, grain crops, lilies,
    gladiolas, and palm trees

5
Plant Identification
  • Dicots - most of the other plants such as the
    shrubs, trees, and flowers.

6
Plant Identification
  • The following sections (roots, stems, leaves and
    flowers) will show you how to use these for plant
    identification purposes.

7
Roots
  • The type of root will normally help you identify
    the plant. It will place the plant into a monocot
    or dicot category.

8
Types of Roots
  • Tap Root
  • Have a main central root and may have some
    lateral branching
  • E.g. Carrots

9
Types of Roots
  • Penetrate the soil to various depths - some only
    a few feet, others like the mesquite to as deep
    as 114 ft.

10
Types of Roots
  • Fibrous
  • Have many roots of equal size and a lot of
    lateral branching
  • Fibrous roots are generally much more diffuse and
    closer to the surface

11
Types of Roots
  • This root system can effectively prevent any
    other plant from becoming established ex
    grasses - idea of a healthy lawn is to compete
    with weeds

12
Types of Roots
  • Adventitious Buds - commonly develop on stems or
    roots - ex stolons and rhizomes (Bermuda grass,
    cherry tree, Sumac and raspberry suckers)

13
Types of Roots
  • Prop Roots - augment regular roots for anchorage
    aid - ex corn - roots come out above soil and
    help hold plant up

14
Types of Roots
  • Aerial Roots - extend down from the branches into
    the soil - ex banyan trees
  • Pneumatophores- stick up from the mud for the
    purpose of absorbing oxygen ex cypress and
    mangrove

15
Types of Roots
  • Mycorrhizal fungi roots - form associations with
    soil fungi and act as root hairs increasing the
    absorption of water and minerals (symbiotic
    relationship - mutually beneficial) found on
    trees in temperate forests such as pines and also
    on ferns, lettuce, white clover, perennial rye
    and orchids

16
Types of Roots
  • Haustorial - parasitic roots which not only
    anchor but also penetrate into the hosts vascular
    system for water and nutrients ex mistletoe

17
Types of Roots
  • Storage roots - starch and other molecules are
    stored for growth or flowering needs (ex
    carrots, beets and turnips)

18
Types of Roots
  • Nitrogen fixing roots - members of the
    Leguminosae family (alfalfa, peas and clover)
    have a bacteria that infects their roots and
    forms nodules. The bacteria are able to fix
    atmospheric nitrogen, to a form, that the plant
    can use.

19
Why Different Types of Roots
  • All plants are in competition with each other for
    food and nutrients
  • By having different types of roots, the plants
    can reach different depths in the soil and still
    live side by side with other plants

20
Roots from Seeds Monocot vs. Dicot
  • Tap Root
  • Seeds contain an undeveloped plant (embryo)
  • Seed germination - embryonic root (radicle) grows
    by dividing and elongation of cells

21
Roots from Seeds
  • Forms one primary root
  • Ex dicots (two leaves emerge from embryo), beans

22
Roots from Seeds cont.
  • Fibrous root
  • Embryos of grasses have a single radicle (root
    shoot)
  • Also has other embryonic roots (seminal roots)
    forming just above the radicle

23
Roots from Seeds cont.
  • All of these branch to form the fibrous root
  • Ex monocots (one leaf emerges from embryo)

24
Dicot Seed
25
Monocot Seed
26
Stems
  • Flowering plants - divided into two groups,
    monocots and dicots - stems have major
    differences in arrangement, distribution of
    tissues and appearance.

27
Stems
  • For identification type of stem (woody or
    herbaceous), monocot or dicot, has pubescence
    (hair) or not (glabrous), shape of stem (square
    round), or contains glands.

28
Monocot stem
Dicot stem
29
Mature Structure of Woody vs Herbaceous Stems
  • Herbaceous stems
  • Lack secondary growth - because plants only live
    one year/growing season (annuals)

30
Mature Structure of Woody vs Herbaceous Stems
  • Stems remain soft and flexible.
  • Buds lack protective scales (dont need to
    survive harsh conditions)

31
Mature Structure of Woody vs Herbaceous Stems
  • Woody stems
  • Plants living and growing over multiple seasons
    have secondary growth (xylem, phloem) increasing
    diameter of the stems

32
Specialized Stems
  • Adventituous stems can be either rhizomes or
    stolons.

33
Specialized Stems
  • Rhizomes - underground horizontal stems (ex
    perennial grasses, bamboo) - may also serve as a
    storage function (irises) will grow a plant and
    roots at a node.

34
Specialized Stems
  • Stolons - runners - usually above ground,
    horizontal stems (really elongated internodes)
    will grow a plant and roots at a node - ex
    strawberries

35
Specialized Stems
  • Tubers - several internodes at the end of an
    underground rhizome (ex potatoes) - eyes are
    axillary buds where the tuber will grow a plant

36
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37
Specialized Stems
  • Bulbs - large bud with small stem at lower end -
    storage in the form of numerous, fleshy leaves -
    ex onion, lily, tulip
  • Corms - look like bulbs, but are mostly stem
    tissue with a few, papery leaves on the outside -
    ex gladiolus, crocus

38
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39
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40
Leaves
  • Leaves are used as part of the identification
    process along with the roots and stems.
  • Look of the leaf (margins, venation, and shape),
    arrangement and whether it is monocot or dicot.

41
Leaves
  • Leaves may contain pubescence, glands or thorn
    like projections.
  • All of these points are considered when using a
    leaf for identification.

42
Parts of a Dicot Leaf
  • Leaf blade expanded, usually flat portion of a
    leaf contains chloroplasts
  • Petiole connects the blade of a leaf to a stem
    or branch holds leaf up for better air flow and
    to catch the light

43
Parts of a Dicot Leaf
  • Veins threads of vascular tissue (xylem
    phloem)
  • Node place on a stem where leaves or branches
    normally originate
  • Stem used for support of leaf

44
Where leaf would be attached to the branch or
stem at the node.
Petiole
Veins
Leaf Blade
Dicot Leaf
45
Parts of a Monocot Leaf
  • Node where leaf arises or originates from
  • Blade leaf blade flat upper portion of leaf
  • Stem used for support of leaf, inflorescence,
    and seed heads

46
Parts of a Monocot Leaf
  • Sheath part of leaf that holds leaf to stem
    encases stem
  • Ligule membrane-like tissue extending up from
    the sheath (on inside) keeps dirt and moisture
    out clear membrane on leaf where attaches to
    stem

47
Monocot Leaf
Blade
Sheath
Node
Collar
Auricle
Stem
Ligule
48
Parts of a Monocot Leaf
  • Auricle small appendages that extend out and
    sometimes around the stem found at the junction
    of the blade and sheath can be clasping or non
    clasping appendages

49
Parts of a Monocot Leaf
  • Collar area between the leaf blade and sheath
    auricles and ligules are on the inside of this
    area

50
Picture showing parts of a grass plant.
51
Differences Between Monocot and Dicot Leaves
  • Monocots blade like leaf blade wrap around
    the stem no petiole have main vascular
    bundles running parallel along length of leaf
  • Dicots Have both a leaf blade and a petiole
    single midrib (Vascular bundles) with branches

52
Two Types of Leaves
  • Simple leaves composed of a single leaf and a
    petiole

53
Blade
Petiole
Simple Leaf
54
Two Types of Leaves
  • Compound leaves are composed of a blade that
    includes several leaflets and a petiole also
    contain a rachis (connects leaflets to the
    petiole) two types

55
Two Types of Leaves
  • Palmately Compound (chestnut) the lobes or
    divisions come together and are attached at one
    place at the base

56
Leaf Blade
Palmately Compound Leaf
Petiole
57
Two Types of Leaves
  • Pinnately Compound compound leaf with the
    leaflets on two opposite sides, but off of one
    node ex ferns, ash, hickory

58
Leaflets
Leaf Blade
Pinnately Compound Leaf
Petiole
59
Leaf Arrangement
  • Monocots have only one type of arrangement
    leaf comes off of a node ex grasses and grain
    crops

60
Leaf Arrangement
  • Dicots flowering plants
  • Alternate one leaf per node
  • Opposite two leaves per node
  • Whorled three or more leaves per node

61
Leaf Arrangements
  • Whorl look like helicopter blades ex
    Bedstraw
  • Alternate one on each side of the stem, are not
    opposite of each other but every other one
  • Opposite one on each side of the stem and
    opposite of each other

62
Arrangement of Veins
  • Four types of vein arrangements
  • Parallel veins veins are small and run more or
    less parallel most are long and narrow ex
    Buckhorn Plantain, grasses and Iris mostly
    monocots

63
Arrangement of Veins
  • Netted veins are large and small the small
    ones connecting to each other to form a net
    mostly dicots

64
Arrangement of Veins
  • Pinnately veined with one larger midvein and
    smaller veins coming off along its length
    mostly dicots

65
Arrangement of Veins
  • Palmately veined- with two or more large veins
    arising at or near the base of the leaf blade
    (palm) leaves are usually broad or fat mostly
    dicots

66
Parallel Veins
Netted Veins
Palmately Veined
Pinnately Veined
67
Monocot Leaf -Vein Arrangement
Vein
Dicot Leaf Vein Arrangement
Smaller lateral vein
Midvein
68
Leaf Modifications
  • Tendrils typically at the end of a compound
    leaf enables plant to climb ex pea

69
Modifications
  • Stipules occur at node where normal or true
    leaves arise from stem are small leaf like
    structures at the base of petioles may be leaf
    -like or spines (ex locust)

70
Modifications
  • Spines modified leaves ex cactus
  • Awn on reproductive structure in grasses
    extension of the lemma portion of the flowering
    structure

71
Modifications
  • Bracts floral leaves that form at the base of a
    flower or flower stalk
  • Cotyledon the embryo leaf in a seed - first
    leaf of a seedling used for food storage

72
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73
Flowers
  • Petals are highly colored portions of the
    flower.
  • May contain perfume (rose) or nectar glands to
    attract pollinators.
  • Number of petals on a flower is often used in the
    identification of plant families and genera.

74
Flowers
  • Dicots have sepals and/or petals in multiples of
    four or five
  • Monocots have sepals in multiples of threes

75
Parts of a Flower
Sepals
Petals
Stamens (anther filaments)
Pistil (stigma,style ovaries)
Pedicel
76
Parts of a Flower
Pedicel
Sepals
Receptacle
77
Types of Inflorescence (Flowers)
  • Raceme inflorescence with the flowers single on
    pedicels (stems) arranged along an elongated
    stem (rachis this is the stem that is between
    the flowers) alternate oldest are at the
    bottom and the youngest are at the top. Ex
    snapdragon, foxglove

78
Types of Inflorescence (Flowers)
  • Umbel flat-topped inflorescence with the rachis
    non-existent. Ex wild carrot, dill

79
Foxglove
Snapdragon
Raceme
80
Dill
Umbel
81
Types of Inflorescence (Flowers)
  • Spike type of inflorescence with the flowers
    sessile (without a stalk) along the rachis. Ex
    gladiolus
  • Head a dense cluster of sessile or nearly
    sessile (no stalk) flowers on a very short
    rachis. Ex sunflower, clover

82
Spike
Gladiolus
83
Clover
Sunflower
Head
84
Types of Inflorescence (Flowers)
  • Panicle inflorescence with two or more flowers
    on each branch which are attached to a rachis
    (elongated stem). Ex wild oats, downy brome
  • Corymb is made up of florets whose stalks and
    pedicles are arranged at random along the stalk
    in such a way that the florets create a flat,
    round top. Ex yarrow

85
Wild Oats
Downy Brome
Panicle
86
Corymb
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