ROCKETS

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ROCKETS
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Chavez Cristhian Dallana.
Principles of technology
January 2006
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Table of Content.
Practical Rocketry
Introduction
Modern Use
History
Positive
Timeline
Negative
Principles
Conclusion
How Rockets Work
Index
Scientific Method
Glossary
Resources
Nature Science
Problem Solving
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An Introduction to Rockets.

• A rocket in its simplest form is a chamber
  enclosing a gas under pressure. A small opening
  at one end of the chamber allows the gas to
  escape, and in doing so provides a thrust that
  propels the rocket in the opposite direction. A
  good example of this is a balloon. Air inside a
  balloon is compressed by the balloon's rubber
  walls. The air pushes back so that the inward and
  outward pressing forces are balanced. When the
  nozzle is released, air escapes through it and
  the balloon is propelled in the opposite
  direction.
• When we think of rockets, we rarely think of
  balloons. Instead, our attention is drawn to the
  giant vehicles that carry satellites into orbit
  and spacecraft to the Moon and planets.
  Nevertheless, there is a strong similarity
  between the two. The only significant difference
  is the way the pressurized gas is produced. With
  space rockets, the gas is produced by burning
  propellants that can be solid or liquid in form
  or a combination of the two.
• One of the interesting facts about the historical
  development of rockets is that while rockets and
  rocket-powered devices have been in use for more
  than two thousand years, it has been only in the
  last three hundred years that rocket
  experimenters have had a scientific basis for
  understanding how they work.

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Historical Account

• The evolution of the rocket has made it an
  indispensable tool in the exploration of space.
  For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial
  and warfare uses starting with the ancient
  Chinese , the first to create rockets.
• Robert Goddard. Robert Goddard invented
  liquid-fueled rockets and a control mechanism for
  rocket apparatus. During World War I, Goddard
  developed a number of designs of small military
  rockets to be launched from a lightweight hand
  launcher, they became the forerunners of the
  bazooka of World War II.

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Rocketry Timeline
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Principles.

• A rocket in its simplest form is a chamber
  enclosing a gas under pressure. A small opening
  at one end of the chamber allows the gas to
  escape, and in doing so provides a thrust that
  propels in the opposite direction. A good example
  of this is a balloon. Air inside a balloon is
  compressed by the balloon's rubber walls. The air
  pushes back so that the inward and outward
  pressing forces are balanced. When the nozzle is
  released, air escapes through it and the balloon
  is propelled in the opposite direction. 

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How Rockets Work

• Rockets take off if they have enough fuel to take
  them beyond the Earths gravitational pull.
• The blast of the fuel igniting pushes the rocket
  up into the air in the opposite direction to the
  way the blast of flames is going.
• Scientist have a rule For every action there is
  an equal and opposite reaction. And its the rule
  that explains how rockets work. The action of the
  blast rushing out of the rocket in one direction
  has an equal reaction on the rocket that pushes
  it in the opposite direction.
• A scientist called Isaac Newton discovered this
  scientific rule hundreds of years ago. Rockets
  have enormous tanks for fuel and oxygen.
• Space travel is an amazing and complicated thing.
  It is complicated because there are so many
  problems and obstacles to overcome. You have
  things like the vacuum of space, heat management
  problems, the difficulty of re-entry, meteorites
  and other space debris, cosmic and solar
  radiation, and going to the bathroom in space.
• But the biggest problem of all is harnessing
  enough energy simply to get a spaceship off the
  ground. That is where rocket engines come in.
• Rocket engines are reaction engines. Remember the
  famous Isaac Newton principle that "to every
  action there is an equal and opposite reaction."

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Scientific Method

• Study of a scientific data base (meeting ESOC
  requirements to process data coming from
  satellites, stations, sounding rockets, and
  balloons) Final Report BOURDAIS, A
• A scientific data base was investigated for
  gathering data from various satellites, stations,
  sounding rockets, and balloons in order to
  classify and structure them for easier use. The
  definition of a scientific data base adapted to
  ESOC needs, the organization of the data, and
  orientation of the access means and principles of
  use are discussed. The characteristics of the
  data in the data base are described as well as
  the data input procedure. Different access means
  to the base data are described from the users
  point of view, and computer programming
  specifications are given.

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Nature of science
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Problem Solving
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Process

• Countdown to launch starts three days before the
  actual take-off
• Rockets have a built-in guidance and control
  system so they are capable of determining their
  own position and attitude, but once a satellite
  has separated, its position and attitude are
  controlled from terrestrial or solar sensors so
  it is not possible to release a satellite from a
  rocket during night time of the Earth.Launch
  times are dependent on factors such as the season
  and orbital insertion, and require delicate
  calculations, leaving only some 30 minutes to two
  hours during a day when launch conditions are
  ideal. If these times are missed, there is no
  other option but to cancel a launch during that
  day. For example, the H-II Launch Vehicle No. 4
  launched in October 1996 started its countdown
  three days before the actual take-off, and work
  allocated for each day was steadily carried out.
  The final countdown started seven minutes before
  the lift-off.
• The 1664 seconds from the rocket's launch to the
  satellite's separation
• Six seconds before take-off, the first-stage of
  rocket ignites. As the rocket takes off, its
  solid rocket boosters (SRB-A) ignite. With a
  roaring sound, immediately after the rocket's
  full propulsion comes into operation, the rocket
  separates from its launch tower.At 105 seconds,
  the SRB-A separates after having burned for 100
  seconds. At 220 seconds, the satellite faring
  separates. The first-stage of rocket stops firing
  after 389 seconds and at 399 seconds separates.
  At 405 seconds, the second-stage fires for the
  first time, and at 1,421 seconds, for the second
  time. At 1,664 seconds, the satellite separates,
  and is inserted into a geostationary transfer
  orbit.

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Practical Rocketry
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Modern Use
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NASA Launch

• This rare view of two Space Shuttle orbiters
  simultaneously on launch pads at the Kennedy
  Space center was taken on September 5, 1990. The
  Orbiter Columbia is shown in the foreground on
  pad 39A, where it was being prepared for a launch
  (STS-35) the next morning. This launch ended up
  being delayed until December 1990. In the
  background, the orbiter Discovery sits on pad 39B
  in preparation for an October liftoff on STS-41

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Negative Aspects
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Positive Aspects
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Conclusion
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Index
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Glossary
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Resources