Animal Field Worker

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Animal Field Worker

• Training block III
• March 2008
• Material prepared by Dr. Pertti Vehvilainen from
  the Association of Finnish Veterinarians for
  Development Co-operation

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Disease control for calves
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(No Transcript)
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Group work

• What can you see on the picture
• Have you ever encountered such a case in your
  everyday life
• What could be the causes
• How would you prevent this from happening

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Respiratory diseases

• enzootic pneumonia of calves
• aspiration pneumonia

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enzootic pneumonia

• problem of calves from 1 to 4 months of age
• multifactoral cause
• dry cough and serous nasal discharge
• increased respiratory and heart rate
• fever
• treatment tetracyclines and anti inflammatory
  drugs

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Diarrhea of calves

• Colibacillosis
• Salmonellosis
• Coccidiosis
• Nutritional scours

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Colibacillosis

• Affects young calves aged 3 weeks and below (most
  often 5 das old)
• White scours
• Diarrhea with no straining
• Fewer in the beginning-later temperatuore
  subnormal
• May be seen as sudden death
• Unhygienic feeding utensils
• Lack of colostrum
• Control
• -adequate colostrium feeding (within the 4 hours
  after the calf is born)
• -clean calf feeding utensils
• -to avoid spread of infection the sick calves
  should be isolated
• -replace milk with salty water ( one table
  spoonful of sugar1 tea spoonful of salt mixed
  with 1 litre of boiled water)
• -antibiotics (dihydrostreptomycin 20 mg/kg body
  weight once daily for five days)
• -emergency replacement of body water losses by
  intravenous or subcutaneous administration of
  physiological saline

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Salmonellosis

• Septic form in new born calves
• Enteric form above one week old calves
• Straining during passage of stools
• Presence of blood and foul smell
• Fewer in early stages later temperature
  subnormal
• Isolate the sick animals
• Replace milk with salty water
• Trimethoprim sulfonamide combinations

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Coccidiosis

• Calves affected usually above 3 weeks
• Infection occurs by ingestion of feed
  contaminated by coccidia spores
• Diarrhea characterized by blood and straining
• Hygienic calf pens and feeding utensils
• Provision of adequate colostrum
• Treatment may include trimethoprim and
  sulfonamides

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Nutritional diarrhea

• Feeding of excessive amount of milk at a go
• Feeding of cold milk
• Rapid feeding of milk
• Normal body temperature
• Calf initially appears bright, may later get dull
  due to loss of body waters
• Diarrhea with no blood no straining no foul smell
• Milk feeding should be stopped immediately and
  repalced with water
• To the water is added one tablespoonful of
  glucose one table spoonful of table soda and one
  tea spoonful of salt
• Feed small amounts frequently, daily requirement
  to replace the body water losses is 50 ml per kg
  body weight
• Milk feeding should newer be withheld for more
  than 48 hours
• Antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial
  infections
• Avoid feeding too much milk at a go, maximum 3
  liters at a time
• Milk should be fed to calf immediately after
  milking when it is still warm

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Summary
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Topicanimal breeding

• Objectiveat the end of this session the
  participants should be able to tell
• -advantages and disadvantages of upgrading local
  animals
• -methods of upgrading

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animal breeding

• Increase milk and meat production by selection or
  cross-breeding
• Increase traction power
• Create dual purpose animals

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Local breeds

• Local breeds well adapted to the environment
• More tick tolerant
• Adapted to parasitic and nutritional challeges
• Farmers know how to handle them and they are well
  adapted to draught
• Production low
• Late maturers weak signs of heat

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Selection

• Only the best animals are bred in order to
  improve population
• No losses in the environmental adaptation of the
  breed
• Increase in production remains rather low
• Slow process

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Crossing with exotic breeds

• Faster way to improve local cattle compared to
  selection
• Cross-breeding combines the high production of
  exotic breeds with the good adaptation to local
  conditions of local cattle
• Crosses with 50 exotic genes perform well
• -production dramatically increased
• -still well adapted to local conditions
• -good fertility and disese tolerance

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Cross-breeding systems

• Grading up to exotic
• Two breed rotation
• Formation of a synthetic breed

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Cross breeding methods
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Grading up to exotic

• Offsprings are always bred with exotic bulls
• Almost pure exotic animals in four generations
• Often suffer from climatic stess,parasites,nutriti
  onal insufficiences and new diseases

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Two breed rotation

• Pure exotic sires and pure local sires used in
  alternate generations
• To be successful the two breeds need to be similar

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Synthetic breed

• The first cross between local and exotic animals
• Crosses are mated with crosses generations after
  generations
• Need for exotic animals only once
• Easy for the farmer(only one type of amimals)
• Inbreeding is limiting factor
• Requires initial crosses ( local and exotic breed
  )in sufficiently large scale

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Breeding programme

• Local cows are mated with exotic bulls
• All the offsping is mated with cross-bred bulls
• The level of exotic genes stays at 50level which
  is desirable

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Cross-breeding with AI

• Less bulls to be maintained
• More cost effective
• First class sires can be more effectively made
  use of
• Bigger selection of bulls

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Evaluation
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Tick borne diseases(participatory
approach)Objective At the end
of this session the participant should be able
to-
-identify the early
signs of tick borne diseases
-name the tick borne diseases
-identify that grade
cattle are more susceptible to tick borne
diseases than local
breeds and reasons for thisTime
3 hours
Procedure
step1introduction
step 2coordinator describes an
imaginary situation about a sick cow which shows
symptoms of
tick fewer or, if possible, the group visits a
farmer who has lost an animal
because of a tick borne disease.
In that case the dialogue goes between the farmer
and the group
about details of the diseased cow.
step 3Coordinator describes
early signs and how prevention of such diseases
is done under
the following aspects
1.Materials and equipment required
2.Procedure and
frequency of carrying out the measures
3.drugs used and how to
mix them step
4Summary starting from the signs of tick borne
diseases step
5 Conclusion and evaluation
-what have you
learned
-what have you been reminded of
-how will
you use what you have learned today to identify
and treat tick-borne
diseases.

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Symptoms of red water (babesiosis)

• Enlargened lymph nodes
• Red urine like strong coffee
• Reduced milk production
• Loss of appetite
• Fewer (41 42 C)
• Forceful heart beat
• Diarrhea
• Pale mucous membranes
• Nervous syndromes (excitement ,incoordination of
  gait)

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Treatment of red water

• Imidocarb dipropionaatti 12
• Cattle and sheep 1 ml per 100 kg
• Horses, donkeys and mules 2 ml per 100 kg
• Dogs 1 ml per 10 kg
• Blood transfer from healthy animals
• If dehydrated physiological NaCl

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Discussion(red water)

• Describe four main early signs
• Discuss about the treatments of the disease

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Summary of tick borne diseases
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Digestive disorders of the rumen

• Rumen acidosis
• Rumen alkalosis
• Bloat

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Alkalosis of the rumen

• Overfeeding with corn or grass
• Sudden change in feed or spoiled feed
• pH value 8 or above, normal value 6.5 to 7
• Anorectic, rumen full
• Temperature, pulse and respiration rate normal
• Feces normal to firm
• Administer ingesta from healthy cows
• Vinegar 500 ml mixed with 5 liters of water
• 20 liters of warm water via stomach tube
• Magnesium hydroxide 500 grams mixed with 5 liters
  of water
• Often spontaneous recovery

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Bloat

• Animals fed with rapidly growing grass
• Solid objects blocking the esophagus
• Excess gas formation, foamy content of rumen
• Distention of the left side
• Labored breathing, profuse salivation
• Mucous membranes blue , gait staggering
• Feeding daily at least 2 kg per head of dry hay
• Pass large stomach tube
• Often trocarization necessary
• Vegetable oil or cream 0,5 to 1liter as soon as
  possible

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Acidosis of the rumen

• Excessive ingestion of feeds rich in starch or
  sugar
• Rumen pH falls to 4.0-4.5 distroying protozoa
• Anorexia, rumen distended,reduced motility
• Increased respiration and pulse rate,sunken eyes
• Feces soft and malodorous
• Some animals are lame
• Testing the pH value of the rumen contents, 4.0
  to 4.8 diagnostic
• Removal of ingesta out of rumen and replacing it
  with ingesta taken out of healthy animals
• Mix table soda 130 grams per 10 liter of water
  and table salt 90 grams per 10 liter of water.
  Mix equal parts of these solutions and administer
  into the vein at the rate of 50 ml per kg
  bodyweight
• Calcium carbonate 360 grams mixed with 5 liters
  of water via stomach tube into the rumen
• For recovered animals only hay and no grain
  should be given for two days

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Demonstration of taking a sample out of the rumen

• Left flank, Paralumbar fossa
• 20 cc syringe and 10 cm long needle
• pH value, color, odor

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Trocarization of the rumen
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Trocarization gear
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Evaluation
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Tick control and prevention (participatory
approach)

• Objectives At the end of the session the
  participant should be able to-
• -state reasons for tick control
• -list the measures for tick control and
  prevention
• -state the economic importance of ticks
• -demonstrate tick control measures
• Time 3 hours 30 min
• Materials and preparations spray pump,
  acaricides/water and protective clothing
• Procedure
• Step1. Introduction
• Step2.Case study in groups. The facilitator
  divides the participants in two groups and asks
  them to elaborate on two imaginary cases where
  several animals died ( what happened, why did it
  happen, what could have been reasons behind the
  deaths, how much money was lost, what should you
  do to avoid such situation)
• Step3.Group reports and discussion (responses
  written down by facilitator)
• Step4.Summary discussion lying emphasis on
  reasons and measures of tick control
• Step5. Demonstration of hand spraying (the ten
  point spraying technique)
• Step6.Conclution and evaluation
• -what new tings have you learned
• -why should you control ticks
• -name tick control methods
• -what measures should you undertake to avoid
  failure of spraying

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Effects of tick infestation

• Loss of blood leading to anemia
• Transmission of diseases which can cause
  devastating losses
• Inoculation of toxic substances which can cause
  paralysis
• Irritation and damage of hides and skin
• Local infection of tick bite wounds with bacteria
  or other ectoparasites such as screw worm

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Life cycle of ticks

• The egg hatches into six legged larva,which feeds
• All cattle ticks have four stages
• Larva moults to become an eight legged nymph
• Nymph feeds and then becomes an adult male or
  female tick
• After mating the female lays several thousand
  eggs on the ground
• Effective tick control involves breaking of the
  life cycle effectively

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One host tick/life cycle
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Economic importance of ticks

• Tick borne diseases which are expensive to treat
• Low productivity of livestock
• milk
• meat (dairy cattle end up to butchery after
  culling)
• skins and hides (cattle infested with ticks
  produce low quality hides which fetch very little)

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Tick control methods

• Physical
• rotational grazing
• bush clearing
• land cultivation
• Biological
• birds eating ticks
• Chemical
• various acaricides

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Methods of application of acaricides

• Spraying
• This is the wetting of an animal with a spray
• wash in the form of spray
• Dipping
• This is total immersion of an animal into a
  dip wash in a dip tank
• Hand dressing
• This is the application of more concentrated
  acaricide in form of greases to areas where ticks
  prefer to attach e.g. the tail switch and the
  base of horns. This method is preferred for young
  stock up to the age of 6 months. It is used
  alongside dipping and hand spraying.

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Hand spraying

• A spray pump
• A bucket
• A crush
• Acaricide
• Water
• A measurement cylinder
• Protective clothing

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Locally available acaricides
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Hand spraying technique( ten point spraying
method)

• First spray the back from the shoulders to the
  tail head
• Spray the sides and the flanks in a zic zac
  motion
• Spray the belly with the nozzle facing upwards
• Carefully spray the udder and the scrotum
• Spray both hind legs including the heels
• Lift the tail and spray underneath it including
  the heels
• Hold the tail along the animal\s back and spray
  the tail
• Spray the neck shoulders and front legs including
  the heels
• Spray the head being careful to wet the base of
  the horns
• Spray inside the ears ( without spraying hold the
  nozzle close to the ear, then put a sudden jet of
  spray into the ear)