Diagnostics

1
Diagnostics Common Optics LUSI WBS 1.5

• Yiping Feng DCO Lead Scientist
• Eliazar Ortiz DCO Lead Engineer
• DCO Engineering Staff
• June 03, 2009

2
Acknowledgment

• DCO Engineering Staff
• Tim Montagne
• Profile/wavefront monitor
• Intensity monitor
• Intensity-position monitor
• Harmonic rejection mirror
• Marc Campell
• Attenuator
• X-ray focusing lens
• Richard Jackson
• Slits system
• Pulse picker

3
Outline

• Distribution
• Diagnostics Status
• Profile Monitor
• Profile-Intensity Monitor
• Intensity-Position Monitor
• Common Optics Status
• Slits
• Attenuator Pulse Picker
• X-Ray Focusing Lens
• Cost Schedule
• Summary

4
Components Distribution

• Components locations
• Distributed throughout the XPP, CXI, and XCS
  instruments, including X-ray transport tunnel

MEE
CXI Endstation
X-ray Transport Tunnel
XCS Endstation
Near Experimental Hall
XPP Endstation
Far Experimental Hall
LCLS X-ray FEL
SXR
AMO
5
Components Distribution
6
DCO Distribution on CXI

• CXI Instrument

Intensity-position
Intensity/ profile
Intensity-position
Profile/ Intensity
Intensity-position
wavefront
Not shown are attenuator, pulse picker situated
in X-ray transport
Slits
Slits
Slits
Slits
There are 15 diagnostics/common optics
components in CXI
7
Diagnostics Status

• Profile Intensity Monitor Status
• PM and IM collocated in same chamber when
  applicable
• FDR completed April 2009
• Commonality for all Monitors
• Chamber
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stages
• Same design for wavefront monitor
• w/o intensity monitor
• Attenuation needed

8
Diagnostics Status

• Profile Intensity Monitor Next Steps
• Place orders for vendor items- Started April 09
• Place order for fabricated components June 09
• Test First Articles- July 09
• Update Models and Drawings based on First Article
  tests- August 09
• Order production chamber assembliesDetail Design
  PM and PIMAug 09

9
Diagnostics Status

• Intensity-Position Monitor
• FDR completed April 2009
• Commonality for all Monitors
• Chamber
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stages

4-channel Diode Electronics (Charge sensitive
amplification)
Hollow shaft for cable routing
Be target changer
100 mm travel linear stages with smart motor
Roller Stages
Smart Motor for X-axis motion
LCLS Beam
Be targets
4-Diode Assy. (inclined in y for uniform response)
Brazed chamber
6 DOF Stand
IPM needs calibration in both x y directions
10
Diagnostics Status

• Intensity-Position Monitor Next Steps
• Place orders for vendor items- Started April 09
• Place order for fabricated components June 09
• Test First Articles- July 09
• Update Models and Drawings based on First Article
  tests- August 09
• Order production chamber assembliesDetail Design
  PM and PIMAug 09

11
Common Optics
Double blades configuration (4 sets of blades)

• Slits System
• UHV compatible
• Low-z high-z blades
• Single/Double configurations

High-Z
Low-Z
Pink beam
Single blades configuration (2 sets of blades)
Blades/ blade mounts
High-Z
Mono beam
Rigid Stand w/o DOF
Optical encoder
Blade Form Factor
12
Common Optics Status

• Slits Status
• Purchase Item
• Vendor Evaluation in Process
• Confirmed compatibility with controls
• Added to APP in January
• Performance data from vendor March 09
• Coupling for double assembly configuration will
  be done at SLAC.
• Coupler has been identified
• One has been ordered and received

13
Common Optics Status

• Slits Next Steps
• Secure additional funding- June 09
• Award Contract June 09
• Order Supports June 09
• Detail Assembly Drawings June 09

14
Common Optics Status

• Attenuator-Pulse Picker Status
• Combined attenuator and pulse picker
• Commercial pulse-picker packaged into same
  chamber
• Final Design Review Completed
• Chamber shared with Attenuator
• Test Program
• Blade coating
• PP performance with coated blade
• Shared Design
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stage

15
Common Optics Status

• Attenuator-Pulse PickerNext Steps
• Finalize Blade coating test June 09
• Order Supports Design Feb 09
• Place orders for vendor items- June 09
• Linear stage
• Motors
• Actuators
• Place Order for fabricated Items- June 09
• Chamber
• Stage support bracket
• Mirror Filter holders
• Shaft Weldment

16
Common Optics Status

• X-Ray Focusing Lenses Status
• Commonality with Monitors
• Chamber
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stages
• Final Design Review- June 09

17
Common Optics Status

• X-Ray Focusing Lenses Next Steps
• Order lens holder parts for validation test- May
  09
• Issue award for lenses- July 09
• Order other vendor Items- July 09
• Linear Stages
• Motors

18
Cost
36
64
19
Cost Schedule Performance WBS 1.5
20
Project Critical Path

• DCO has one design effort and multiple
  procurements to support the Instrument
  requirements.
• The project is monitoring strings of activities
  with the least float
• Items on the critical path are
• XFLS Procurement Preps (14 day float, start May
  2010)
• HRM Procurement Preps (19 day float, start Oct
  2010)
• Activities to monitor from falling on the
  critical path
• Check and Approve Dwgs PP (24 day float, start
  May 09)
• PP procurement preps XPP (24 day float, start
  June 09)

21
Major Milestones
22
Procurement Schedule
23
Summary

• Scope of DCO components for XPP, CXI, and XCS
  instruments has not changed significantly since
  CD-02
• The design of key diagnostics devices and optical
  components is mature and based on proven
  developments
• at synchrotron sources worldwide
• by XTOD and LCLS e-beam groups
• No major risks associated with the design or
  procurement of the DCO components
• Bought components (slits) are off the shelf
  items
• Assembly components (CCD cameras, zoom lens,
  actuators, connectors) are commercially made with
  known performance
• In-house electronics design are based on proven
  technology and implementations
• DCO overall cost and schedule performance is kept
  within margins.
• Critical Path is defined and monitored
• Advanced Procurements identified
• DCO is on track to support accelerated schedule!

24
Backup
25
Overview

• DCO will provide to all LUSI instruments
• Common diagnostics for measuring FEL properties
• Transverse beam profile
• Incident beam intensity
• Beam positions and pointing
• Wavefield measurement at focus
• Common Optical components for performing FEL
  manipulations
• Beam size definition and clean-up
• Attenuation
• Pulse pattern selection and/or repetition rate
  reduction
• Isolation of fundamental from high order
  harmonics
• Focusing
• Monochromatization

Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
26
DCO CD-2 Scope

• DCO suites

Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
27
Global Physics Requirements

• Physics requirements remained same as CD-2 and
  were based on characteristics of LCLS FEL
• Ultra short pulses 100 fs, and rep. rate of 120
  Hz
• Pulse energy 2 mJ, peak power 20 GW, ave. power
  .24 W
• Fully coherent in transverse directions
  expected to be predominantly TEM00
• Exhibiting intrinsic intensity, temporal,
  spatial, timing fluctuations on per-pulse basis,
  i.e.,

• Higher order Laguerre-Gaussian modes possible but
  negligible
• FEL amplification process based on SASE from
  noise

28
Challenges Addressed

• Scientific/technical challenges that were
  addressed
• Sustaining the instantaneous LCLS X-ray FEL peak
  power
• Exercising careful material selection
• Filters, scattering target, slits materials,
  focusing lens, beam stop etc.
• Based on thermal calculations including melting
  threshold and onset of thermal fatigue limited
  experimental data from FLASH
• But no active cooling necessary
• Providing coherent beam manipulation
• Minimizing wavefront distortion/coherence
  degradation
• Filters, scattering target, slits, focusing lens
• Reducing surface roughness and bulk
  non-uniformities
• Minimizing diffraction effects
• i.e., utilizing cylindrical blades for slits

29
Challenges Addressed

• Scientific/technical challenges that were
  addressed
• Detecting ultra-fast signals
• Extracting electrical signals in ns to minimize
  dark current contribution
• i.e., charge-sensitive detection using diodes
• Making per-pulse measurement if required
• Each pulse is different
• Averaging over pulses may NOT be an option,
  requiring sufficiently high S/N ratio for each
  pulse
• i.e., high-precision intensity measurements at lt
  0.1 based on single pulses, requiring larger raw
  signal than synchrotron cases

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Pop-in Profile Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.1)

• Purposes
• Aid in alignment of X-ray optics
• FEL is serial operation, automation enables
  maximum productivity
• Characterization of X-ray beam spatial profile
• FEL spatial mode structure
• Effects of optics on fully coherent FEL beam
• Characterization of X-ray beam transverse spatial
  jitter
• FEL beam exhibits intrinsic spatial fluctuations
• Implementation
• X-ray scintillation
• 50-75 mm thin YAGCe single crystal scintillator
• Optical imaging
• Capable of diffraction limited resolution if
  required
• Normal incidence geometry w/ 45º mirror
• Motorized zoom lens
• 120 Hz optical CCD camera

• Requirements
• Destructive Retractable
• Variable FOV and resolution
• At 50 mm resolution, 12x12 mm2 FOV
• At 4 mm resolution, 1x1 mm2 FOV
• Capable of per-pulse op. _at_ 120 Hz if required
• Attenuation used if necessary

31
Pop-in Intensity Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.2)

• Purposes
• Aid in alignment of X-ray optics
• FEL is serial operation, automation enables
  maximum productivity
• Simple point detector for physics measurements
• In cases where 2D X-ray detector is not suitable
• Implementation
• Direct X-ray detection using Si diodes
• Advantageous in cases of working w/ spontaneous
  or mono beams
• Capable of high quantum efficiency (gt 90 at 8.3
  keV)
• 100 500 mm depletion thickness
• Using charge sensitive amplification
• Applicable to pulsed FEL
• Commercially available
• Large working area (catch-all) easily available
  simplifying alignment procedure

• Requirements
• Destructive Retractable
• Relative accuracy lt 1
• Working dynamic range 100
• Large sensor area 20x20 mm2
• Per-pulse op. _at_ 120 Hz
• Attenuation used if necessary

32
Intensity-Position Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.3)

• Purposes
• Allow precise measurement of the intensity for
  normalization
• Critical to experiments where signal from
  underlying physics is very small
• Characterization of FEL fluctuations
• Positional jitter 10 of beam size
• Pointing jitter 10 of beam divergence
• Slitting beam down creates diffraction which may
  cause undesirable effects
• Implementation
• Based on back scattering from thin-foil
• Detecting both Compton scattering Thomson
  scattering
• Using Low-z (beryllium) for low attenuation
  especially at low X-ray energies
• Using Si diode detectors
• Array sensors for position measurement
• Pointing measurement using 2 or more monitors

• Requirements
• In-situ, retractable if necessary
• Highly transmissive (gt 95)
• Relative accuracy lt 0.1
• Working dynamic range 1000
• Position accuracy in xy lt 10 mm
• Per-pulse op. at 120 Hz

33
Wavefront Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.1)in lieu of
wavefront sensor

• Purposes
• Wavefront characterization of focused X-ray beam
  at focal point
• Wavefront measurement at focal point is not
  feasible by conventional methods due to damages
• Providing supplemental scattering data in low Q
  w/ high resolution
• Resolution obtained using X-ray direct detection
  is limited by detector technology, i.e., pixel
  sizes and per-pixel dynamic range
• Implementation
• X-ray scintillation
• 50-75 mm thin YAGCe single crystal scintillator
• Optical imaging
• Capable of diffraction limited resolution if
  required
• Using computational algorithm for reconstruction
  of wavefield at focus
• Iterative, post processing only if no large
  computer farm

• Requirements
• In-situ Retractable
• Variable FOV and resolution
• At 50 mm resolution,12x12 mm2 FOV
• At 4 mm resolution, 1x1 mm2 FOV
• Per-pulse op. _at_ 120 Hz
• Attenuation used if necessary

34
X-ray Focusing Lenses (WBS 1.5.3.2)

• Purposes
• Increase the X-ray fluence at the sample
• Produce small spot size in cases where slits do
  not work due to diffraction,
• i.e., sample too far from slits
• Implementation
• Based on refractive lenses concept
• Concave shape due to X-ray refractive index
  1-dib
• Using Beryllium to minimize attenuation
• In-line focus
• Simpler than KB systems
• no diff. orders as in Fresnel lens
• Chromatic
• Con re-positioning of focal point
• Pro Providing harmonic isolation if aperture
  used
• Some attenuation at very low X-ray energies 2
  keV

• Requirements
• Produce variable spot size
• For XPP instrument
• 2-10 mm in focus
• 40-60 mm out-of-focus
• Minimize wavefront distortion and coherence
  degradation
• Withstand FEL full flux

B. Lengeler, et al, J. Synchrotron Rad. (1999).
6, 1153-1167
35
Slits System (WBS 1.5.3.3)

• Purposes
• define beam transverse sizes
• Pink and mono beam
• Clean up scatterings (halo) around beam perimeter
• Implementation
• Based on cylindrical blades concept
• Minimize scattering from edges and external total
  reflections
• Offset in Z to allow fully closing
• Using single or double configurations for pink or
  mono beam applications
• Single configuration
• Blade material Si3N4 to stop low energies
• Or blade material Ta/W alloy to stop low fluence
  low or high energies
• Double configuration
• 1st blades Si3N4, 2nd blades Ta/W alloy to stop
  low and high energies

• Requirements
• Repeatability in xy lt 2 mm
• 0 10 mm gap setting
• 10-9 in transmission from 2-8.3keV
• 10-8 in transmission at 25 keV
• Minimize diffraction/wavefront distortion
• Withstand FEL full flux

D. Le Bolloch, et al, J. Synchrotron Rad.
(2002). 9, 258-265
36
Attenuator/Filters (WBS 1.5.3.4)

• Purposes
• Reduce incident X-ray flux
• Sample damage
• Detector saturation
• Diagnostic saturation
• Alignment of optics and diagnostics
• Implementation
• Using Si wafers of various thicknesses
• Highly polished to minimize wavefront distortion
  coherence degradation
• For a given attenuation, use one wafer whenever
  possible
• Commercially available (lt 1 nm rms roughness)
• For energies lt 6 keV in NEH-3 and in pink beam
• Employing a pre-attenuator, i.e., LCLS XTOD
  gas/solid attenuators

• Requirements
• 108 attenuation at 8.3 keV
• 104 attenuation at 24.9 keV
• 3 steps per decade for gt 6 keV
• Minimize wavefront distortion and coherence
  degradation
• Withstand unfocused flux

37
Pulse Picker (WBS 1.5.3.5)

• Purposes
• Select a single pulse or any sequence of pulses
• Reduce LCLS repetition rate
• Important if longer sample recover time is needed
• Damage experiments - sample needs to be
  translated
• Implementation
• Based on a commercial mechanical teeter-totter
• Steel blade fully stops beam
• Capable of ms transient time
• Simple to operate
• Use TTL pulses
• Requires 100 mm Si3N4 to protect the steel blade

• Requirements
• lt 3 ms switching time
• lt 8 ms in close/open cycle time
• Only for lt 10 Hz operation
• Withstand full LCLS flux

http//www.azsol.ch/
38
Harmonic Rejection Mirrors (WBS 1.5.3.6)

• Purposes
• Provide isolation of FEL fundamental from high
  harmonics
• LUSI detectors not designed to be energy resolved
• Implementation
• Low pass filter using X-ray mirrors at grazing
  incidence
• Using highly polished Si single crystal
  substrates
• 3.5 mrad incidence angle
• 300 mm long
• No pre-figure, no bender
• Figure-error specs defined to ensure FEL natural
  divergence not effected
• R 150 km
• Roughness specs to minimize wavefront distortion
  and coherence degradation
• rms 0.1 nm

• Requirements
• Energy range 6-8.265 keV
• 104 contrast ratio between fundamental and the
  3rd harmonic
• 80 overall throughput for fundamental
• Minimize wavefront distortion
• Withstand full FEL flux

39
DCO Integration into Instruments

• XPP Instrument

Intensity-position
Intensity-position
Intensity/ profile
Intensity/ profile
Slits
Slits
Be-focusing lens
Pulse picker /Attenuator
Harmonic rejection
There are 15 diagnostics/common optics
components in XPP
40
DCO Scope

• Work Breakdown Structure

Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
41
Device/Component Counts

• Total device/component counts

Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
42
Progress Since CD-2

• DCO progress

Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team