Nuclear Power: A Clean

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Nuclear Power A Clean Green Option

• Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
• S.K.AGRAWAL
• DIRECTOR (PROJECTS)

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We need Energy

• For Economic Growth
• To Improve Human Development
• To Protect Environment

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Electricity is the most Preferred form of Energy

• Convenient to Use
• Versatile
• Comparatively Safe at end-use
• Its demand is growing much faster than that for
  the Overall Energy

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Electricity Consumption
Per-Capita Electricity Consump-tion has a direct
relationship with Human Develop-ment
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Energy Opulence and Energy Poverty
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Options for Electicity Generation

• Coal,
• Gas
• Hydropower,
• Nuclear Power,
• Oil and
• Renewables- biomass, wind energy, solar energy,
  etc

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World Production of Electricity by the Fuel in
2002

Source OECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2004
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The Nuclear Power Option

• Present Status (end 2006)
• No of Units in Operation439
• Total Installed Capacity 371671 (MWe)
• No of Units under Construction 30
• Total Installed Capacity 23414
• (Source IAEA)

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Reactors in Operation (Aug 8, 2007)
Source IAEA
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Nuclear Share of Electricity(end 2006)
Source IAEA
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Nuclear Energy Availability Factor
Source IAEA
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Performance Trend- India
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The Nuclear Power Advantage

• Highly Concentrated Source of Energy
• 1 kg wood 1 kWh
• 1 kg coal 3 kWh
• 1 kg oil 4 kWh
• 1 kg uranium 50 000 kWh
• (3 500 000 kWh with reprocessing)

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Advantages of Concentrated Source

• Operation of a 1000 MW(e) plant will require each
  year
• Coal 2 600 000 t coal (2000 train cars of
  1300 t each)
• Oil 2 000 000 t oil (10 supertankers)
• Uranium 30 t uranium (One Truck Load)

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Nuclear Power a Compact Source

• Typical Fossil and Nuclear sites 14 km²
• Solar thermal or photovoltaic (PV) parks 2050
  km² (a small town)
• Wind fields 50150 km²
• Biomass plantations 40006000 km² (a province)

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The Nuclear Power Advantage

• No Obnoxious Gases causing
• Global Warming Climate Change
• Acid Rain
• Hole in Ozone Layer
• Air Quality Degradation

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Full Energy Chain CO2 Equivalent Emission
Factors
CO2 equivalents per kWh electric (gram of
CO2)
1400
1290
1234
1200
1000
860
890
800
686
600
460
410
400
279
200
116
9
11
75
30
30
37
4
0
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Hydro
Nuclear
Wind
Solar PV
Biomass
Source IAEA Bulletin
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CO2 Avoidance by Nuclear

• If the electricity produced worldwide by nuclear
  reactors were instead generated by burning coal,
  an additional 2600 million tones of carbon
  dioxide would be released into the atmosphere
  each year. This can be compared with the target
  of a 5 reduction (600 million tones per year) in
  carbon dioxide emissions by the year 2010, as
  agreed in 1997 at Kyoto just for the developed
  countries.

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Radiation Doses
Life Threatening Dose is illustrated as height of
Eiffel Tower, Dose limit for Occupational
Worker as height of man Dose limit for public
as thickness of a brick
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DAILY WASTE GENERATION

• Coal Fired Plant
• Ash (40 ) 2900 Te
• Fly Ash (2 ) 58 Te
• Lead (50 ppm), Arsenic (10ppm),
• Uranium, Natural Thorium,
• Radium 226 present in ash.
• CO2 13680 Tones
• SO2 47 Tones
• CO 12 Tones

• Nuclear Power Plant
• Low level wastes 0.7m3
• Intermediate level wastes 0.05m3
• (Spent resins etc.)
• High level waste 0.003m3
• (Reprocessing for Pu unused Uranium
  recovery)
• It is Vitrified, to be deposited in deep
  stable geological formation
• Gaseous effluent
• No toxic or green house gases.
• Some low level radioactive gases without
  public health significance.
• Total radiation dose received is less than 1 of
  the Natural background radiation level.

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Waste Strategies
Atmosphere
Partial Removal to Solid Waste
Surveillance Monitoring
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The Nuclear Potential
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• Indias Nuclear Power Program

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INDIAs THREE STAGE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
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Meeting the Nuclear Power Target

• Three Stage Nuclear Power Program
• Closed Fuel Cycle
• First Stage has reached a level of maturity
• 540 MW and 700 MW reactors of Indigenous design
• Second Stage 500 MW PFBR under construction
• 3rd Stage AHWR Construction expected to start
  in next 1 to 2 years

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PROPOSED XI PLAN STARTS - NPCIL MAJOR PROJECTS
Indigenous
Project Construction Start 1. KAPP 34
(2X700 MWe PHWRs) 2008-09 2. RAPP 78 (2X700
MWe PHWRs) 2009-10 3. 7NP 56 (2X700 MWe
PHWRs) 2011-12 4. 7NP 78 (2X700 MWe PHWRs)
Pre- Project
Imports
Project Construction Start 1. KK
34 2007-08 2. JAITAPUR 12 2008-09 3.
KK 56 2010-11 4. LWR 1112 2010-11 5.
JAITAPUR 34 2011-12
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Nuclear Power Capacity Build-up (With XI Plan
Proposals)
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Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd.

• Formed in 1987 for accelerated growth.
• Experience of 200 reactor years of operation.
• Authorized capital of around 3 billion US and
  assets of 6 billion US
• 12000 well trained man power.
• Projects costing around 5 billion US are under
  execution.
• Consistent profits of 350 to 400 million US
  every year.

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• Capability in Nuclear Power from mining to
  waste disposal
• Highly trained man power.
• Highly Experienced industry for all type of
  work like Civil, Piping, Mechanical,
  Electrical for construction, supply and
  erection.
• Many experts in the nuclear field, who are
  working for IAEA for safety mission, preparation
  of codes and guides etc.

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FINANCIAL CAPACITY

• Current Reserves and Surpluses Rs 8,060 crores
  (US 1800 million)
• Additional Surpluses in next five years Rs
  10,300 crores (US 2300 million )
• Debt Equity in future projects 2 1
• Capacity to take up projects upto Rs 55,000
  crores(US 12000 million
• Translates to additional capacity of about 10,000
  MW

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DESIGN FEATURES OF REACTOR CONTAINMENT
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• Effect of Site Characteristics on NPP
• 1. Natural Events
• (a) Seismic Consideration
• Site should not lie in seismic zone V as per IS
  1893 ( Part area of JK , Uttaranchal , North
  east , Kutch etc.) rejection criteria
• No Capable fault within 5 Km - Seismotectonic
  evaluation needed rejection criteria
• All lineaments within 300 km radius are studied
• Evaluation for Liquefaction rejection criteria
• Effect of Tsunami

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• ( b) Geological Considerations
• Competent strata exist
• Adequate sub soil investigation ( 6 boreholes
  during siting)
• Seismic logging of foundation strata
• Evaluate for slope instability ( such as land
  slide , land erosion)
• Evaluate for existence of mines , oil wells ,
  subsidence

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• (c) Flooding of Site
• All historical rainfall , flood data examined
• Flooding due to precipitation
• Flooding due to up stream dam break
• Finished grade level higher than both these
  floods
• Coastal sites evaluated for combination of high
  tides , wind effects, wave run up
• Studies done at detailed Site Evaluation stage
• 1000 year return period daily rainfall
  evaluated from Annual maximum daily rainfall
  series
• 1000 year return period flood evaluated from
  annual maximum flood series
• Design Basis Flood calculated from worst
  combination of events

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• (d) Extreme Meteorological Events
• Two level of wind effects are considered
• - Severe wind 1000 year return period for
  design purpose
• - Extreme wind 10000 year return period for
  wind induced missiles
• Wind speed and wind rose
• Extreme temperatures
• (e) Possibility of Shoreline erosion
• (f) Loss of ultimate heat sink Failure of down
  stream dam 7 days storage is provided

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2. Man Induced Events Aircraft Crash -
Screening Distance Values (SDV) are used
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THANK YOU