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WAP endorser presentation San Francisco 8 Jan 98

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EE degree from Jilin University, China in 1982 ... MICA weather board with sensors temperature, pressure, etc. Groups of nodes Patches ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: WAP endorser presentation San Francisco 8 Jan 98


1
A Short Bio Dr. Zhanyang Zhang
  • Education Ph.D and MS degrees from CUNY
    respectively in 1995 and 1988. EE degree from
    Jilin University, China in 1982
  • Academic Position Assistant Professor,
    Computer Science Department at College of Staten
    Island (9/2003 present)
  • Industry Experience - Full time and consultant
    positions in telecommunication, finance and
    pharmaceutical industries (1993-2003)

2
Areas of Research Interests
  • Past Research
  • Database, Data Warehouse and Data Mining
  • 3G-Wireless Data Network and Wireless Data
    Network Security
  • E-Commerce and M(obile)-Commerce
  • Current Research
  • Wireless Ad hoc Networks
  • Mobile Database
  • Wireless Sensor Networks

3
Wireless Sensor Network andApplications
Zhanyang Zhang, Ph. D zhangz_at_mail.csi.cuny.edu Col
lege of Staten Island City University of New
York Oct 4th, 2004
4
Outline
  • Introduction
  • Communication architecture
  • Protocol stack
  • Applications
  • Research Problems and Opportunities
  • A Stimulating Signal Approach toward Sensor
    Location, K-Coverage and Energy-Saving Problems

5
Introduction
  • Sensor Networkslow-cost, rapid deployment,
    self-organizing, and fault tolerance.
  • Application areas heath, military, and home.
  • Large number of sensor nodes that are densely
    deployed.
  • Nodes use their processing abilities to locally
    carry out simple computations and transmit the
    required and partially processed data.
  • Ad hoc networks are not suitable for the sensor
    networks because of their unique features and
    application requirements.

6
Features of Sensor Networks
  • What is a Sensor Network?
  • 1000s of sensors deployed to collect, process and
    store information e.g. weather conditions.
  • Local communication to achieve global objectives
  • Popular application areas
  • Medical, Military, Natural Habitat monitoring,
    micro-organisms monitoring, etc
  • Factors to consider when deploying sensors
  • Low power
  • Large numbers
  • Frequent motion, task dynamics / Device failures
  • Distributed sensing
  • Exception free, unattended operation

7
Design Factors
  • Fault Tolerancethe ability to sustain sensor
    network functionalities without any interruption
    due to sensor node failures because of lack of
    power, physical damage, or environmental
    interference.
  • Scalabilitythe density of sensor nodes can range
    from few sensor nodes to few hundred sensor nodes
    in a region.
  • Production Coststhe cost of sensor node should
    be much less than 1 in order for the sensor
    network to be feasible

8
Continue.. Design Factors
  • Sensor Network Topology- Predeployment and
    deployment phase- Post-deployment phase-
    Redeployment of additional nodes phase
  • Environmentcan work in different environments.
  • Transmission Medialinks between nodes can be
    formed by radio, infrared, or optical media.
  • Power Consumptionbattery lifetimedesign of
    power-aware protocols and algorithmsPower
    consumption sensing, communication, and data
    processing

9
Design Issues
  • Sensor Network Vs Wired / Wireless network
  • Data centric addressed by data values rather
    than identities
  • Application Specific tailored for specific
    tasks
  • Types of coordination between sensors to achieve
    above goals
  • Centralized
  • single point of failure
  • energy inefficient
  • nonscalable
  • Distributed localized algorithms
  • robust to network partitions/ node failures
  • short range of communication - energy efficient
  • scalable low communication overhead
  • simpler self-configuration

10
Hardware Architecture
Location finding system
Mobilizer
Sensing Unit
Processing Unit
Transceiver
Processor
Sensor
ADC
Storage
Power Unit
Power generator
11
Communication Architecture
Internet and Satellite
Sink
C
D
A
E
B
Task manager node
Sensor nodes
Sensor field
User
12
Protocol Stack - Sensor Networks
13
The Physical Layer
  • Frequency selection.
  • Carrier frequency generation.
  • Signal detection.
  • ModulationBinary and M-ary modulation
    schemesthe binary modulation scheme is more
    energy-efficient
  • Low transmission power and simple transceiver
    circuitry make Ultra wideband (UWB) an attractive
    candidate.

14
The Data Link Layer
  • Multiplexing of data streams.
  • Data frame detection.
  • Medium access and error control.
  • Ensures reliable point-to-point and
    point-to-multipoint connections in a
    communication network.

15
Medium Access Control
Continue.. The Data Link Layer
  • Must achieve two goals- the creation of the
    network infrastructure- share communication
    resources between sensor nodes fairly and
    efficiently.
  • Traditional MAC cant be adopted into sensor
    networks, because- there is no central
    controlling agent like the base station.- power
    efficiency directly influences network lifetime
    in sensor network.

16
Network Layer
  • Task energy efficient routes

Route 1 Sink-A-B-T, total PA4, total a 3
Route 2 Sink-A-B-C-T, total PA6, total a
6 Route 3 Sink-D-T, total PA3, total a
4 Route 4 Sink-E-F-T, total PA5, total a 6
Sink
a
32
11
a
E (PA1)
a
42
A (PA2)
  • Approaches
  • Max route route 4
  • Min Energy (ME) route route 1
  • Min hop (MH) route route 3
  • Max-Min PA node route route 3

D (PA3)
a
21
a
62
B (PA2)
a
52
a
71
a
82
a
F (PA4)
T
a
92
C (PA2)
17
Data Aggregation, data fusion
Continue.. Network Layer
C
B
A
E
D
F
G
Sink
18
Routing techniques
Continue.. Network Layer
  • Floodingeach node receiving a data or management
    packet repeats it by broadcasting.
  • Gossipingsend the incoming packets to a
    randomly selected neighbor.

19
Transport Layer
  • Transport layer protocols are still
    unexplored they may be purely UDP-type
    protocols, because each sensor node has limited
    memory and power.

20
The Application Layer
  • Sensor Management Protocol (SMP)makes the
    hardware and software of the lower layers
    transparent to the sensor network management
    applications. System administrators interact with
    sensor networks using SMP.
  • Task Assignment And Data Advertisement Protocol
    (TADAP)provides the user software with efficient
    interfaces for interest dissemination.
  • Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol
    (SQDDP)provides user applications with
    interfaces to issue queries, respond to queries
    and collect incoming replies.

21
Application - Habitat Monitoring
  • Goal monitor breeding preferences of Leachs
    Storm Pretel on Great Duck Island, Maine
  • usage pattern of nesting burrows
  • changes in the burrow and surface environmental
    parameters during the breeding season
  • differences in the micro-environments with and
    without large numbers of nesting petrels

22
Habitat Monitoring - Sensors
  • Hardware deployed
  • 32 MICA motes in cases
  • MICA weather board with sensors temperature,
    pressure, etc.
  • Groups of nodes Patches
  • Gateway to transmit data via the transit network
    to the base station.
  • Mobile PDAs Gizmos, to program the motes in
    the field.

23
Setup / Design Requirements
  • Hierarchical network
  • Network longevity 9 months
  • Operating off the grid other source of energy
    Solar
  • Management from a distance
  • Stable and predictable system behavior
  • In-situ interactions with motes
  • Store data at all levels to prevent data loss
  • Easy re-tasking facilities

24
Challenging Problems
  • Sensor Location Problem Locating sensor within
    the deployed area.
  • K-Coverage Problem Every point in the monitor
    area requires at least K sensors to cover it.
  • Sensor Network Energy Saving To maximum sensors
    and/or sensor networks lifetime.
  • Sensor Data Modeling, Management, and Stream Data
    Mining

25
Research Opportunities
  • Sensor Location Solutions
  • GPS-Free
  • Meet application requirements
  • Low overhead (communication, processing, energy
    consumption)
  • Previous Works
  • Triangulation
  • At least 3 reference nodes with known locations
  • Ultra-sound or RF beacons
  • Time of Arrival (TOA) or signal strength
  • High computation complexity and energy consumption

26
Research Opportunities
  • Sensor Location Solutions
  • GPS-Free
  • Meet application requirements
  • Low overhead (communication, processing, energy
    consumption)
  • Previous Works
  • Triangulation
  • At least 3 reference nodes with known locations
  • Ultra-sound or RF beacons
  • Time of Arrival (TOA) or signal strength
  • High computation complexity and energy consumption

27
Cricket System at MIT
28
Current Research Project
  • A Stimulating Signal Model
  • Sensors sensing ability
  • Location guided laser beam
  • Sensor Cluster Location Algorithm (SCLA)
  • Scale Well
  • Low overhead (communication, processing, energy
    consumption)
  • Limitations
  • Open Areas
  • Line-of-path
  • Estimate Geo-boundary of cluster

29
Preliminary Outcome
  • Results
  • Identify Sensor Clusters for each virtual grid
  • Geo-proximity of Cluster Locations
  • Number of members in each Cluster (A potential
    solution for K-coverage problem for sensor
    networks)
  • Alternate sleep and active status of Cluster
    members with a schedule algorithm to prolong
    sensor network lifetime
  • Cost Analysis
  • Let M be the number grids, N be the max number of
    sensors in a grid, L be the max number of hops
    between a cluster header and base station.
  • Cost(M,N,L) lt MN ML in terms of messages sent

30
References
  • 1 Next Century Challenges Scalable
    Coordination in Sensor Networks - Deborah
    Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, John Heidemann and
    Satish Kumar, Mobicom 1999.
  • 2 A Survey on Sensor Networks -Ian F.
    Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam
    and Erdal Cayirci, IEEE Communications Magazine,
    vol. 40, no. 8, August 2002.
  • 3 Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat
    Monitoring -Mainwaring et al., WSNA 2002.
  • 4 Habitat Monitoring on Great Duck Island
  • http//www.greatduckisland.net

31
Acknowledgement
  • Hussein Alzoubi
  • Hussein_alzoubi_at_hotmail.com
  • Rami Alnamneh
  • Ramir11_at_yahoo.com

32
Questions?
Thank you!
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