A New Approach to Gravity

1
A New Approach to Gravity Space Propulsion
Systems
Benjamin Thomas SolomonB.Sc. (Elec. Eng), Dip.
O.R., M.A.O.R., M.B.S. (Banking
Finance) QuantumRisk.com
2
Introduction

1. This paper presents a portion of a new
   technology, Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology
   (PNPT), it is hoped will revolutionize space
   propulsion systems.
2. There still are gaps in the body of knowledge
   pertaining to this technology, and with enough
   funding and scientific scrutiny, this technology
   will present viable space propulsion systems
   within this decade.

3
Paper Overview

1. The Trouble with Time.
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model.
3. Momentum Exchange Bypass
4. Current Research
5. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT)
   Experimental Results
6. New Technology Options
7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis
8. Future Spacecraft Designs

4
1. The Trouble with Time
The Trouble with Time
5
1. The Trouble with Time Paradoxes 1

1. Time travel can only be possible if we can prove,
   without unresolvable paradoxes, an effect prior
   to cause, for any case within the boundaries
   defined by the wormhole mechanics.
2. Our current understanding is the crux of the
   issue here. Lets explore options in an unbounded
   manner.

1 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Wormholes Create
Unresolvable Paradoxes, Journal of Theoretics,
August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http//www.journaloftheo
retics.com/
6
1. The Trouble with Time Explanations 1

1. One possible explanation is that the wormhole
   mechanics is not correct. It might be
   mathematically correct but not the correct model
   of the universe.
2. If we start with the axiom that there is no past
   or future, only the present, then wormholes
   always return us to the present. We observe the
   past only because the fastest signals, light,
   takes time to travel across vast distances, but
   what is happening now, in that vast distance,
   is different from what we are observing now.

1 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Wormholes Create
Unresolvable Paradoxes, Journal of Theoretics,
August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http//www.journaloftheo
retics.com/
7
1. The Trouble with Time Explanations 1

1. In order for any theory of time travel to be
   viable, we must first resolve any paradoxes or at
   least expose them of not being paradoxes. Only
   then can we develop any plausible theory of time
   travel.

1 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Wormholes Create
Unresolvable Paradoxes, Journal of Theoretics,
August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http//www.journaloftheo
retics.com/
8
1. The Trouble with Time The Universe 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
9
1. The Trouble with Time Conclusion 2

1. Alternatives The Expanding Universe as Surface
   Model provides an alternative explanation to
   dark energy 3.
2. Centripetal Force An expanding and rotating
   Universe would experience a centripetal force,
   which would fling all the galaxies apart at an
   ever-increasing rate. This explanation would
   circumvent the need to invent a dark energy.
3. Fundamentally Incorrect Most importantly, it
   suggests that modern theories about spacetime
   that allow for time travel are fundamentally
   incorrect.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 3 Andrew
Chaikin, Dark Energy Astronomers Still
'Clueless' About Mystery Force Pushing Galaxies
Apart, Editor, Space Science posted 0700 am
ET 15 January 2002,http//www.space.com/scienceast
ronomy/astronomy/cosmic_darknrg_020115-1.html
10
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model
Time Dilation Gravity Model
11
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Mechanics 4
4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
12
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Mechanics 4
The new center of mass, SCM, is,   SCM (3/8)
sxo (dxd/dxo - 1)   Therefore, the center of mass
of the particle probability cloud has shifted
further to the right, in keeping with the
direction of time dilation.
4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
13
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Mechanics 4

1. ?s (3/8) sxo . ?t
2. The distanced moved by the particle is a function
   of the change in time dilation at that point.
3. Note that the change in time dilation, ?t, is not
   the same as the duration taken to move.
4. To put it another way, when time dilation is
   constant with respect to a particles frame of
   reference, the particle is stationary with
   respect to its own fame of reference.
5. When time dilation is non-linear, the particle is
   displaced and therefore experiences motion with
   respect to its own frame of reference.

4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
14
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Gravitational
Effect 4

• The gravitational effect can be summarized as
  follows,
• Time dilation distorts the shape of a particles
  probability cloud in the direction of increasing
  time contraction.
• This distortion of the particles probability
  cloud results in the shifting of the center of
  mass of the particle in the direction of
  increasing time contraction.
• The net effect is that the center of mass of the
  particle moves in the direction of increasing
  time contraction.
• This effect in space is called a gravitational
  field.

4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
15
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Summary 2
When time dilation is zero, particle is
symmetrical and spherical.
Particles own frame of reference
Time dilation field
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Summary 2
When time dilation is not zero, particle is
symmetrical but ellipsoidal.
Particles own frame of reference
Time dilation field
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Summary 2
When time dilation is non-linear, particle is
asymmetrical ellipsoidal.
Particles own frame of reference
Time dilation field
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Lorentz/Escape
Velocity4

1. Assuming that at infinity, to 1, reduces the
   equation to, vf c v (1 1/tv2)
2. where vf is the free fall or equivalent
   Lorentz/time dilation velocity when time dilation
   is tv, assuming that this relationship holds.

4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
19
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Lorentz/Escape
Velocity4
That is, the acceleration experienced by a
falling body is governed solely by the change in
time dilation in the gravitational field.
4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
20
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Lorentz
Transformation Breakout 2

• Zero-Point Particles The logical extrapolation
  is, particles that do not exhibit a probability
  density volume will be impervious to
  gravitational effects.
• Lorentz Transformation Breakout Not having
  probability density shape makes these particles
  impervious to relativistic effects.
• Zero Shifting Substituting sxo 0, particle
  size is zero, results in,
• SCM (3/8) . 0 . (tR - tL) 0
• (no change in center of mass)

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
21
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Lorentz
Transformation Breakout 2

1. Short Distance Breakdown Even if (tR - tL) gt 0,
   this hypothesis does not breakdown at very short
   distances approaching zero.
2. New Approach Yes, this hypothesis suggests an
   approach that can be used to breakout of the
   relativistic bind of Lorentz transformations.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Conclusion 2

1. Virtual Field The Gravitational Field is not
   real. It is a Virtual Field.
2. Real Effect The Gravitational Effect is real,
   and purely the result of the non-linearity of
   time dilation.
3. Implicit Assumptions This Time Dilation Gravity
   Model does not implicitly assume an UP or DOWN,
   for the model to work.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Conclusion 2

1. Narrow Scope Any gravitational model that
   implicitly assumes an UP or Down is too narrow in
   scope to deliver future space propulsion
   technologies.
2. Breakout Possibilities It is possible to
   breakout of the relativistic bind of Lorentz
   Transformation equations.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass
Momentum Exchange Bypass
25
3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Review 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Collision Effects 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Collision Effects 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Virtual Collision 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Virtual Collision 2

1. At this point, all I can say is, the direction of
   the time dilation, holds the key to the momentum
   vector.
2. In compressing and bouncing back, the probability
   cloud is able to use the direction of time
   dilation to change the momentum vector.
3. This behavior of the probability density
   shape/size in the absence of a real particle is
   termed Momentum Exchange Bypass.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Conclusion 2

1. Consistency The Momentum Exchange Bypass
   presented here is based on the Time Dilation
   Gravity model, and is therefore, consistent with
   this model.
2. Not Straightforward If the Time Dilation Gravity
   hypothesis is correct, then there is a lot more
   to momentum exchange than straightforward
   transfer of kinetic energy and momentum vectors.
3. A Process Momentum exchange is a process. This
   process is able to change vectors, using
   apparently scalar functions, time dilation and
   probability density.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
31
3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Conclusion 2

1. Intercede Given that momentum exchange is a
   process, using electromagnetism, one is then able
   to intercede in this process to deliver virtual
   momentum exchange behavior, termed, Momentum
   Exchange Bypass.
2. More Research Most importantly, Momentum
   Exchange Bypass suggests that there is more to be
   done with regard to our understanding of momentum
   exchange.
3. Propulsion Systems If Momentum Exchange Bypass
   is real, then we are on our way to achieving true
   propellantless propulsion systems.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
32
4. Current Research
Current Research
33
4. Current Research 1992, Superconducting
Ceramics 5

1. Shielding properties of single-phase dense bulk
   superconducting ceramics of YBa2Cu3O7-x against
   the gravitational force were studied at
   temperatures below 77 K.
2. A small non-conducting and non-magnetic sample
   weighing 5.48 g was placed over a levitating
   superconducting disk and the loss of weight was
   measured with high precision using an
   electro-optical balance system.

5 E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, A possibility
of gravitational force shielding by bulk
YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor, Physica C 2O3 (1992)
441-444, http//www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt
34
4. Current Research 1992, Superconducting
Ceramics 5

1. The sample was found to lose from 0.05 to 0.3 of
   its weight, depending on the rotation speed of
   the superconducting disk.
2. Partial loss of weight might be the result of a
   certain state of energy which exists inside the
   crystal structure of the superconductor at low
   temperatures.
3. The unusual state of energy might have changed a
   regular interaction between electromagnetic,
   nuclear and gravitational forces inside a solid
   body and is responsible for the gravity shielding
   effect.

5 E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, A possibility
of gravitational force shielding by bulk
YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor, Physica C 2O3 (1992)
441-444, http//www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt
35
4. Current Research 1995, Hoopers
Self-Canceling Coils 6

1. Experiments were conducted to test assertions
   from Patent 3,610,971, by W.J. Hooper that
   self-canceling electromagnetic coils can reduce
   the weight of objects placed underneath.
2. No weight changes were observed within the
   detectability of the instrumentation.
3. More careful examination of the patent and other
   reports from Hooper led to the conclusion that
   Hooper may have misinterpreted thermal effects as
   his 'Motional Field' effects.
4. There is a possibility that the claimed effects
   are below the detection thresholds of the
   instrumentation used for these tests.

6 NASA. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. 
MILLIS, MARC G. WILLIAMSON, GARY SCOTT  JUN.
1995 12 PAGES, 31st Joint Propulsion Conference
and Exhibit, San Diego CA, 10-12 Jul. 1995
sponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE
NASA-TM-106963 E-9719 NAS 1.15106963  AIAA PAPER
95-2601  Avail CASI HC A03/MF A01
36
4. Current Research 1998, Superconducting Disks
7

1. We report experiments on RF-illuminated (1-15
   MHz) superconducting disks with corresponding
   gravity readings indicating an apparent increase
   in observed gravity of approximately 3-5x10-5
   cm/s2, above and to the side of the
   superconductor.
2. The observed gravitational modification range is
   significantly lower than the 2.1 gravity
   modification reported by Podkletnov.

7 David Noever Ron Koczor, "Radio-frequency
illuminated superconductive disks Reverse
Josephson effects and implications for precise
measuring of proposed gravity effects." Mail
Code ES76 Space Sciences Lab, NASA Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812,
Abstract for NASA JPL-Ninth Advanced Space
Propulsion Research Workshop and Conference,
Pasadena, CA March 11-13, 1998
37
4. Current Research 1998, Rotating Magnetic
Fields 8

1. This configuration was applied with and without a
   permanent DC magnetic field levitating the
   superconducting disk, with corresponding gravity
   readings indicating an apparent increase in
   observed gravity of less than 1x10-6 cm/s2,
   measured above the superconductor.

8 David Noever, Ron Koczor, and Rick Roberson,
"Superconductor-mediated modification of gravity?
AC motor experiments with bulk YBCO disks in
rotating magnetic fields." NASA MSFC ES76, Space
Sciences Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812, 34th
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference
and Exhibit, Cleveland Convention Center,
Cleveland, OH July 12-15, 1998, Special Session
of Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (Session
6-APC-1), AIAA-98-3139
38
4. Current Research 2001, Gravity Shielding-
NASA 9

1. The general conclusion is that the results of
   these tests gave a null result.
2. Further, it is concluded that the balance is
   sensitive to mass changes at room temperature and
   down to approximately 175C . . .

T. Robertson, Exploration of Anomalous Gravity
Effects by rf-Pumped Magnetized High-T
Superconducting Oxides, AIAA-2001-3364, NASA
Marshall, Huntsville, AL http//www.grc.nasa.gov/
WWW/bpp/pdf/Robertson-JPC.PDF
39
4. Current Research Conclusion
Nobodys got it.
. . . But no one has succeeded in duplicating
Podkletovs results. . . NASA decided to spend
600,000 to prove or disprove the theory once and
for all 10
10 Frank Vizard, Grappling with Gravity, Out
of the Box or Totally Out of Bounds?, Popular
Science, June 2002, Page 36
40
5. PNPT Experiments
PNPT Experiments
41
5. PNPT Experiments First Generation Experiments
11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
42
5. PNPT Experiments Second Generation
Experiments (2GE) 11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
43
5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Weight Loss 11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
44
5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Superconductivity (Once)
11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
45
5. PNPT Experiments Experimental Summary as at
April 2001 11
Results Achieved Period
1mm deflection Nov/99 Feb/00
0.1g weight loss (1 hour) Dec/99 Jan/00
0.5g weight loss (3 hours) Jan/99 Feb/00
1.0g weight loss (3 hours) Mar/00 Aug/00
3.0g weight loss (3 hours) Aug/00 Sep/00
3.0g weight loss (1 hour) Apr/01
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
46
5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device type B 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device B2, Electrical
Characteristics 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device B2, Weight Loss
2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device type J 2
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device J1, Electrical
Characteristics 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device J1, Weight Loss
2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments Basic Observations in
Physics 2

1. Experimental repeatability.
2. Not due to the Earths magnetic field.
3. No electric field no force.
4. No magnetic field no force.
5. Not due to the oxygen effect.
6. Both electric and magnetic fields must be present
   to observe a force.
7. Increased m-current increases net weight change.
8. Reverse the electric field and weight change is
   reversed.
9. Turn it upside down weight change is reversed.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments Video
Stop of Video
54
6. New Technology Options
New Technology Options
55
6. New Technology Options Comparisons 2
NASA / Current
Criteria PNPT (BTS)
Research Built designs that should work Yes,
they work No Built designs that should not
work Yes, they dont work No Operates at Room
Temperature or Higher Yes No Does Not Use
Superconductors Yes No Does Not Use Exotic
Materials Yes No Has No Moving
Parts Yes No Portable Yes No
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Technology Ladder 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options NASAs Breakthrough
Propulsion Physics

• NASAs Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Consortium
  concepts 12
• Technical Challenge 1 - MASS Discover new
  propulsion methods that eliminate or dramatically
  reduce the need for propellant
• Technical Challenge 2 - SPEED Discover how to
  circumvent existing limits to dramatically reduce
  transit times.
• Technical Challenge 3 - ENERGY Discover
  fundamentally new modes of onboard energy
  generation to power these propulsion devices.

12 TD15-PLN-015, John H. Glenn Research Center
Baseline, 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland OH 44135
December 4, 2000. Project Plan for Breakthrough
Propulsion Physics (BPP) Space Transportation
Research Investment Area
58
6. New Technology Options Breaking the Rules 2

1. Interstellar Travel is not feasible with present
   day conventional wisdom.
2. If Interstellar Travel is to be a reality, we
   have to break the rules of conventional wisdom
   but remain within the orbit of rigorous logic.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Interstellar
Technology Objectives 2
Objectives Supporting Concepts 1. Journey
Integrity Post-Newtonian Propulsion Zero
Propellant Replenishment Unbounded Energy
Onboard 2. Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newto
nian Propulsion 3. Live Systems
Integrity Trivial Travel Times 4. Navigation
Integrity No Unique Reference Required 5.
Communications Integrity Super Luminal
Communications
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

1. Concept 1 Post-Newtonian Propulsion.
2. Technology Approach Paradigm shift away from the
   concept of momentum exchange. Future propulsion
   systems need to utilize Momentum Exchange Bypass.
   This avoids the ZPR problem altogether.
3. Technology Required Propulsion engines need to
   fold spacetime.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

1. Concept 2 Trivial Travel Times.
2. Technology Approach Paradigm shift away from the
   concept of velocity and duration.
3. Technology Required Invent engines that can fold
   spacetime. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology
   is the only option right now.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

1. Concept 3 Zero Propellant Replenishment.
2. Technology Approach Invent new propulsion
   methods that eliminate the need for propellants.
3. Technology Required True propellantless
   propulsion. Nuclear based propulsion is a close
   choice but not quite it.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

1. Concept 4 Unbounded Energy Onboard.
2. Technology Approach Invent/develop new energy
   sources/storage that provide unlimited or nearly
   unlimited propulsion energy requirements.
3. Technology Required This we have. It is nuclear
   energy.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

1. Concept 5 No Unique Reference.
2. Technology Approach Invent/develop navigation
   systems that eliminate the need for a central
   point of reference. Independent of Earth bound
   communications references.
3. Technology Required Stellar Fingerprinting. To
   be able to look at the mass of stars and
   recognize where we are. Use pulsars?

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

1. Concept 6 Bypass Velocity of Light.
2. Technology Approach Deep space voyages require
   us to invent new communications technologies that
   does bypass the speed of light.
3. Technology Required Information Teleportation.
   Dr. Ping Koy Lam of the Australian National
   University has successfully demonstrated photon
   teleportation.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Technology Summary
(BTS) 2

• Objectives Concepts State of Technology
• Journey Integrity Post-Newtonian
  Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS) Zero
  Propellant Replenishment Feasible NASA/Air
  Force/Navy Unbounded Energy Onboard Available
  Nuclear - NASA/Navy
• Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newtonian
  Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS)
• Live Systems Integrity Trivial Travel
  Times Unknown
• Navigation Integrity No Unique
  Reference Feasible NASA/Air Force/Navy
• Communications Integrity Photon
  Teleportation Feasible Australian National
  University

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis
Technology Sensitivity Analysis
68
7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis Current
Technology
Travel between Earth and Moon.
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7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis Advanced
Technology
Travel beyond the Moon but within the Solar
System.
Live Systems Integrity
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7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis Future
Technology
Travel beyond the Solar System.
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs
Future Spacecraft Designs
72
8. Future Spacecraft Designs Newtonian
Technology Design
Shuttle Like Spacecrafts (SLS) Unfortunately,
this is not the future.
Pictures courtesy of NASA, http//spaceflight.nasa
.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/orbiter/index.html h
ttp//spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basic
s/index.html
73
8. Future Spacecraft Designs Newtonian
Technology Design
Ion Propulsion Unfortunately, this too, is not
the future.
Picture courtesy of NASA, http//www.nasa.gov/exte
nd/HP_ELT_Feature_03.html
74
8. Future Spacecraft Designs Key Design
Considerations
1. Silicon wafers can be laid out in two compact
formats.
Tubular format, back to back, suggesting an
engine design that is cylindrical.
Flat format, side by side, suggesting an engine
design that is part of the spacecraft floor.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs Key Design
Considerations
2. The field effects must encompass the whole
spacecraft.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs Almost Correct
Design
Star Trek Enterprise Not a likely design as the
engines are, too far apart far back for the
field effects to encompass the whole spacecraft
in an optimal manner.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs Correct Design
To maximize the field effects, the propulsion
system has to be within and center of the
spacecraft.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs PNPT Propulsion
Systems Layout
1st Design Approach Propulsion system is buried
inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of
the vessel design.
79
8. Future Spacecraft Designs PNPT Propulsion
Systems Layout
2nd Design Approach Propulsion system is buried
inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of
the vessel design.
80
8. Future Spacecraft Designs Future Spacecraft
Design
Using the 1st Design Approach, the spacecraft is
saucer shaped.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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9. Summary Conclusion
Summary Conclusion
82
9. Summary

• What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization
• Time Travel Implies incorrect theories. A
  through re-examination of current theories is
  required.
• Dark Energy Implies a disconnect between the
  real Universe and modern theories. An approach
  has been presented. This needs to be investigated
  further.
• Current Theories on Gravity Are too narrow in
  scope to enable Interstellar Travel. A
  fundamentally new approach is required. A
  suggested approach has been presented.

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9. Summary

• What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization
  . . . continued
• Lorentz Transformation Breakout We can must
  breakout of Relativistic Bind of Lorentz
  Transformations. An approach has been presented,
  and needs to be investigated further.
• Momentum Exchange Bypass Needs to be formally
  proven.
• ISSETI A new Inter-Stellar Space Exploration
  Technology Initiative (ISSETI) is required.

84
9. Conclusion
Interstellar Civilization status requires two
initiatives 1. The Space Program needs to
advance Science, and not Science advance the
Space Program. 2. Inter-Stellar Space
Exploration Technology Initiative (ISSETI).
85
9. Acknowledgements
I would like to thank, the following
organizations for providing the opportunity, To
present/publish unconventional ideas,1. The
Journal of Theoretics2. National Space
Society To test/verify my experiments at their
labs, 1. University of Denver, Denver,
Colorado2. University of Colorado at Denver,
Denver, Colorado
86
9. Contact
Author Benjamin Thomas Solomon Address P.O.
Box 40 Conifer, CO 80433-0040 eFax 801-365-899
5 Tel [phone] Email solomon_at_QuantumRisk.c
om
87
9. QuantumRisk Journal

• Authors required for the following articles
• Military Value of the Moon, and its Impact on
  World Politics.
• Synthetic Life Forms.
• Impact of Inter-Planetary Resources on World
  Politics.
• First Nations Independence of Moon Mars.
• A World without the United Nations.
• Contact Ben Solomon, solomon_at_QuantumRisk.com