Competition and Cooperation

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Competition and Cooperation

• The ultimate victory in competition is derived
  from the inner satisfaction of knowing that you
  have done your best and that you have gotten the
  most out of what you had to give. Howard Cosell

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Famous Quotes

• Winning isnt everything, its the only thing
• Vince Lombardi
• The winner is the only individual who is truly
  alive
  
• George Allen
• Every time you win, youre reborn when you
  lose, you die a little
  
• George Allen

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Famous Quotes

• We never lose, but sometimes the clock runs out
  on us
  
• Vince Lombardi
• It isnt whether you win or lose, its how you
  play the game
  
• Classic Sports Adage

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Competition

• Loy (1969) A struggle for supremecy between 2
  or more opposing sides
  
• A situation in which 2 or more people vie for a
  prize, honor, or advantage.

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Views of Competition - Negative

• Competitive sports and athletics may negatively
  affect personality development and self-image,
  foster aggression and hinder the development of
  interpersonal relationships Hock, Scott, and
  Edwards study
• Participation in sport may in some way undermine
  pro-social behaviors as helping, sharing, and
  cooperation Barnett and Bryan study
  

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Views of Competition - Negative

• Competition is the source of envy, despair,
  selfishness, pride and callousness Arnold
  study
  
• Competition increases ant-social tendencies which
  are exacerbated by losing Kleiber and Roberts
  study
  
• Competition does not build character but may do
  the opposite - Greedorfer

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Views of Competition Positive

• Competition is a training ground found in adult
  life Arnold study
  
• Free enterprise system values competition because
  it has contributed to Americas strength and
  gives individuals the maximum opportunity to
  compete for the largest possible shape of the
  resources and rewards in society. - Astin

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Direct Competition

• For each successful competitor at least one must
  fail
  
• Most sporting events

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Indirect Competition

• Utilizing past performance as a criterion to
  evaluate current performance
  
• Examples
• Golf outing where there is no comparison of
  scores
  
• Runner who does not focus on time but rather
  fitness level

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View of Opponent as Obstacle (Fraleigh, 1984)

• Opponent as hindrance
• Promotes a more aggressive environment for sport
• Foster domination vs. cooperation
• More value is placed upon goal attainment vs.
  goal process
  
• The opponents goals are incompatible (only one
  can achieve the goal) supports more hostile
  environment

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View of Opponent as Facilitator (Fraleigh, 1984)

• Competition is an activity WITH rather than
  AGAINST an opponent
  
• Cooperative atmosphere is fostered
• Competition is seen within the spirit of rules,
  not to dominate the opponent.

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Application

• Establish and enforce rules and sportsmanship
• Training team coaches/captains/managers
• Parent training
• Training and evaluation of officials
• Reward multiple outcomes (not just winning)
• Promote cooperation

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Is Competition a Learned behavior or
Instinctive?
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Reaction to competitive process based upon

• Past experience
• Coaches/parents influence
• Participation in or non-participation in
  competitive sports
  
• Medias influence
• Friends influence
• Past success in sport
• Level of enthusiasm and intensity in sport
  activities

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Reaction to competitive process based upon

• Participant Characteristics
• Game orientation value of fair play and
  sportsmanship over winning
  
• Professional orientation value winning over
  fair play
  
• Play orientation value fair play over winning

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Reaction to competitive process based upon

• Current Sport/Social Context
• Sport environment
• Group norms and values
• Other current impacting social experiences

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Does Competition have a place in recreational
setting?
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