WELCOME TO CHM-151

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WELCOME TO CHM-151
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
INSTRUCTOR KEN COSTELLO
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Chemistry is a Vast Subject
More than your instructor or yourself can ever
learn
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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INORGANIC
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
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3 kinds of elements build a brick
Brick becomes building block for a layer of bricks
Layer of bricks becomes building block for wall
of bricks
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The power ofbuilding blocks
CHEMISTRY
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Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons are the building
blocks for elements
Nitrogen-7
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Oxygen-8
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Organic Building Blocks
S
P
C
O
N
H
Hydrocarbons/plastic
Carbohydrates Lipids/plastics
Amino acids proteins
More amino acids proteins
Nucleic acids, RNA, DNA
Iron, copper, magnesium
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Proteins

• Hair (keratin)
• Fingernails (keratin)
• Skin (collagen)
• Collagen is made from 3 amino acids that form a
  helix. These sections spontaneously
  self-assemble.

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Oxygen 50 Silicon 30
Main building blocks of minerals
The other common elements in order of abundance
are the metals aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium,
and potassium.
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Electron Both wave and particle
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Nylon man-made polymer
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NYLON
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Nylon was discovered in 1935. The name nylon is
derived from two cities where it was discovered
namely New York (NY) and London (LON).
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Polymers
Many Parts
PLASTICS
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Cotton a natural polymer
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Amylase
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Meet Ester
O
C
C
C
O
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POLYESTER
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How will you reinforce your knowledge of
chemistry building blocks?
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Drill and
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Practice
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ETHANOL (drinking alcohol)
WATER
BUTANE
PROPANE
AMMONIA
(vinegar)
ACETIC ACID
FORMIC ACID (ant bite venom)
METHANE (natural gas)
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FORCE ENERGY
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4 Known Forces

• Electromagnetic Force
• Electrostatic
• Magnetic
• Light
• Strong Nuclear Force
• Weak Nuclear Force
• Gravity

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Electrons dislike other electrons
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Electrons love protons

• Electrons are strongly attracted to protons. The
  more protons present the stronger the attraction.

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Opposites AttractLikes Repel
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STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE
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WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE
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Electromagnetism
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ELECTROMAGETIC SPECTRUM
UV, X-rays, Gamma Rays
Radio, TV, Microwaves
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FORCE ENERGY
The forces at work are Electrostatic Repulsion
of like charges proton-proton and
electron-electronAttraction of unlike charges
proton-electron. Magnetic Electron spin
introduces magnetic forces. Electrons with
opposite spins produce opposite magnetic poles.
Opposite magnetic poles attract. Opposite spin is
required for electrons to occupy the same orbital.
S
N
N
S
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MAGNETISM
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GRAVITY
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FORCE ENERGY
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POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy Force x Distance
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ENERGY
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Hands-on Activites Demos
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MATHEMATICS
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Dividing by 10,000,000 made a distance that was
called a meter.
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Cubits Yards Miles Nautical Miles Feet Hands Inch
es Leagues Chains Furlongs
METER
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sq. milessq. yardssq. ft.sq. in.acres
SQUARE
METER
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BarrelCubic inchesCubic feetCubic
yardsMinimsDrops
Gallons, imperial gallons, quarts, pints, fluid
ounces, pecks, bushels
Cubic decimeter
CUBIC
LITER
METER
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cubic decimeter
LITER
Liter from Litron Measure of capacity
One liter of water has a mass of one kilogram
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• Since we have 10 fingers, a number system
  based on 10 was developed.

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Metrics Earth, water, and fingers
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Sources of confusion

• Plus sign ()
• Addition sign ()
• Whats the difference?
• Addition sign indicates action of combining.
• Plus sign means something completely different.

• Negative sign (-)
• Subtraction sign (-)
• Whats the difference?
• Subtraction sign indicates action of taking away.
• Negative sign means something completely
  different.

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Sources of confusion
3 14C1
6 2
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Symbols vs. the Real Thing

• Answer true or false
• H2O is water___
• Formula for water is H2O___
• H is hydrogen__
• H is symbol for hydrogen___
• ½ is a fraction___
• ¼ is fractional numeral___
• The number five has 4 letters ___

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Periodic Table of the Elements
What is a better name?
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Bad News 1
ATOMS ARE TOO SMALL TO COUNT
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Carbon monoxide man
Visualization and placement of atoms
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Bad News 2
COUNTING ENOUGH ATOMS IS IMPOSSIBLE
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Chemical Equations are simple.
2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
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If water molecules were grains of sand, a liter
of water would cover the entire Earth 30 miles
deep with sand.
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Art of Counting Without Counting
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COUNTING COINS WITHOUT COUNTING
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Periodic Table of the Elements
The numbers under the element names are the
relative weights. However, if you consider one
mole of the element (6 x 1023 atoms) then these
numbers are read as grams.
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Bridge between mass and number
MOLE
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VOLUME
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COUNTING ATOMS IN GASES
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Gas Volume
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PRESSURE
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TEMPERATURE
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Art of Counting Without Counting
MASS
VOLUME
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
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How will you learn all the math you need?
How many of you have CD-ROMs?
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CHEMISTRY
CAN
SHOCK
EXPAND
FRY
YOUR BRAIN
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Of
Feel the
P
W
R
R
R
O
E
POWERPOINT
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THREE BARRIERS TO LEARNING
Lack of Visuals or Hands-on Learning
Learning at Too Steep of a Pace
Misunderstood Words
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TEST A four letter word
No one likes tests, even teachers. In the old
days, when people learned by apprenticeship,
there wasnt a need for tests because the master
knew how the apprentice was doing by watching
them and regularly asking them questions.
However, in a classroom of 65 students, the
instructor may have no idea how much a student
has learned, so a test is one way of finding out.
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One philosophy of teaching is that instructors
are only sure that they have taught the subject
if they find out that students have learned the
subject. In other words, I must ask you a lot of
questions to see if both you and I are doing a
good job.
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Everyone gets it correct
My expectation is that everyone understands
everything on the test and gets it 100 right.
Everyone may not get it 100 the first time, but
they should get it correct on the 2nd, or 3rd
time. It makes no sense to go on when there is
something critical missing. Much of chemistry
builds off the previous material.
Of course, a person who takes three tries to get
a question right doesnt deserve the same amount
of credit of the person who got it right the
first time. But getting it right the third time
still deserves credit.
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Everyone gets a second chance
On problems you missed, you have the opportunity
to be retested with a similar problem. You can
get 85 of the score you would have gotten if you
got it right the first time. Each time you have
to redo it will cost another 15. For example, if
you miss a 20 point question but get a similar
one correct on the retest, you make 17 points,
which is much better than losing all 20 points.
You just have to make an extra effort to do it
again. In short, Im more interested in you
learning the material than giving you low grades.
Im not eager to do extra grading, but Im
willing to do that if you are willing to put in
the time to restudy and retest on what you
missed. Final grades are not based on a curve,
so students who ace a test the first time
shouldnt worry about the students who retake the
test to improve their scores.
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GRADING is not an exact science
I really hate to talk about points for two
reasons First it takes your attention away from
the subject. Second, it implies that grading is
accurate down to the last little point. It
would be hard to prove that a person with 524
points knows more than someone with 523 points.
Mathematically it seems accurate, but in
actuality grading is not that accurate. It is
accurate to the level of recognizing failing
performance, unsatisfactory work, fair work, good
work, and outstanding work. In other words, the
grades of F, D, C, B, A can be determined, its
just the points are only accurate to the nearest
grade.
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GRADING is not an exact science
With this said, we can use points because it is
easy to work with. NOTE People who focus only
on learning the subject do better than those who
worry about grades. Thats because when you
worry about points and grades, you are not
thinking about the subject. Listen and learn in
class and grades will take care of themselves.
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In case you are still interested, here is the
breakdown of points that will serve as a guide to
your grade Attendance quizzes 175 points 4
tests 100 points each totaling 400 points Final
test 200 points Poster project 100
points Miscellaneous homework assignments 175
points Total Points 1000
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Special Learning Needs
If you have any special learning needs, let me
know. For me to try to accommodate your special
learning needs, you need to first visit our
Disabilities Resources Office for assessment and
for making arrangements for assistance.
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Textbook
4th Edition
3rd Edition
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?
Any Questions?
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Instructor Ken Costello
Phone [phone]
Office hours Tues/Thur 845-1000am
Wednesday 1115am-1215pm
Email costello_at_chemistryland.com
Home page www.chemistryland.com
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Told by Morpheus
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• you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you
  want to believe

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You take
the red pill...
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You stay in wonderland...
the rabbit hole goes.
...and I show you how deep
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ATOMS
Breaking the speed limit everywhere
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01011011 m key 01001011 M key
Shift key turns off 5th switch
Ctrl key shuts off 5th 7th switches
00001011 Enter key
LaunchNotepad
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One of the things you should expect to get out of
this course.
IMPROVED CHANCE
OF SURVIVAL
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Survival

• Finding preserving food
• Finding or building a shelter
• Temperature (warmth or cooling)
• (Safety) Awareness of dangers
• Protection from attack
• Protection from illness
• Preservation of personal energies/monies.