Figure 171 Page 411

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Figure 17-1Page 411
CHAPTER 17 SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY THE
ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
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Figure 17-3Page 412
Human Population Size and resource use
Human Activities Agriculture, industry,
economic Production and consumption, recreation
Direct Effects
Indirect Effects
MANY PROMINENT SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT THE LOSS
OF BIODIVERSITY DUE TO HUMAN GLOBAL DOMINANCE IS
THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM TODAY
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Figure 17-4Page 413
60
EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA
ASIA
30N
Tropic of Cancer
Atlantic Ocean
AFRICA
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
150
90
60E
0
30W
90
120
150
0
SOUTH AMERICA
Indian Ocean
Tropic of Capricorn
AUSTRALIA
30S
Antarctic Circle
60
ANTARCTICA
Critical and endangered
Threatened
Stable or intact
Projected Status of Biodiversity 19982018
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Figure 17-5Page 414
The Species Approach
The Ecosystem Approach
THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IS CHEAPER AND MORE
EFFECTIVE THE SPECIES APPROACH DRAWS MORE
SENTIMENT AND MEDIA ATTENTION SOME SPECIES SUCH
AS WOLVES CONTRIBUT AT BOTH LEVELS AS KEYSTONE
SPECIES
Goal
Goal
Protect species from premature extinction
Protect populations of species in their natural
habitats
Strategies
Strategy

• Identify endangered species
• Protect their critical habitats

Preserve sufficient areas of habitats in
different biomes and aquatic systems
Tactics
Tactics

• Legally protect endangered species
• Manage habitat
• Propagate endangered species in captivity
• Reintroduce species into suitable habitats

• Protect habitat areas through private purchase or
  government action
• Eliminate or reduce populations of nonnative
  species from protected areas
• Manage protected areas to sustain native species
• Restore degraded ecosystems

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Figure 17-7 (1)Page 415
Cropland 17
Urban 2
Desert, tundra, wetlands 13
Rangeland and pasture 29
Parks, wildlife refuge, wilderness 9
Forest 30
U.S. Land Use
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Figure 17-7 (2)Page 415
Federal 35
State and local 7
Native American 3
Private 55
U.S. Land Ownership
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Figure 17-9 (1)Page 416
National parks and preserves
National forests
(and Xs) National wildlife refuges
TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND CARTER HAVE SET ASIDE THE
MOST LAND FOR FEDERAL PROTECTION, CARTER IN ALASKA
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Figure 17-9 (2)Page 416
National parks and preserves
National forests
(and Xs) National wildlife refuges
U.S., COSTA RICA AND CANADA HAVE MORE LAND
PRESERVED THAN REST OF THE WORLD
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Figure 17-10Page 419
Forests
Ecological Services
Economic Services
Support energy flow and chemical cycling
Reduce soil erosion Absorb and release
water Purify water Purify air Influence
local and regional climate Store
atmospheric carbon Provide numerous
wildlife habitats
Fuelwood Lumber Pulp to make paper
Mining Livestock grazing Recreation Jobs
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Figure 17-14 (1)Page 421
Virgin forest
FOLLOWING SLIDES DEAL WITH TYPES OF FORESTRY
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Figure 17-14 (2)Page 421
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Figure 17-15 (1)Page 422
CUT SELECTIVE AGE GROUP IN UNEVEN AGED STAND
Selective Cutting
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Figure 17-15 (2)Page 422
REMOVES ALL LARGE TREES IN 2-3 CUTTINGS
Cut 2
Cut 1
Shelterwood Cutting
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Figure 17-15 (3)Page 422
HARVEST MOST TREES EXCEPT FOR FEW TO BE USED AS
SEED SOURCE TO REESTABLISH FOREST
Seed-Tree Cutting
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Clear-Cutting
MAJOR PROBLEMS ARE SOIL COMPACTION, EROSION,
SLOPE FAILURES, SLASH BURNS, FLOODS AND ROADS
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Figure 17-15 (5)Page 422
Uncut
Cut
Cut
Cut
Uncut
1 year ago
35 years ago
610 years ago
Strip Cutting CUT STRIPS ALONG CONTOURS AND THEN
ALLOW FOR REGENERATION BEFORE CURRING NEXT
STRIP. IN SOME WAYS MIMICS NATURAL PROCESSES
(WIND THROWS) AND LOWERS EROSION
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Figure 17-17Page 425
Solutions ways to manage forests more
sustainably.
Grow more timber on long rotations Rely more
on selective cutting and strip cutting No
clear-cutting, seed-tree, or shelterwood
cutting on steeply sloped land No
fragmentation of remaining large blocks of
forest Sharply reduce road building into uncut
forest areas Leave most standing dead trees
and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and
nutrient recycling Certify timber grown by
sustainable methods Include ecological
services of trees and forests in estimating
economic value
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Figure 17-18 (1)Page 426
Surface fire
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Figure 17-18 (2)Page 426
Crown fire
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Figure 17-19Page 429
Logging in US National Forests
Advantages
Disadvantages
Helps meet countrys timber needs Cut areas
grow back Keeps lumber and paper prices
down Provides jobs in nearby
communities Promotes economic growth in
nearby communities
Provides only 3 of timber needs Ample private
forest land to meet timber needs Has little
effect on timber and paper prices Damages
nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in
national forests provides more local jobs and
income for local communities than
logging Decreases recreational opportunities
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Pacific yew
Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian
cancer
PLANTS FROM RAINFORESTS HAVE A VARIETY OF USES
OTHER THAN JUST LUMBER
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Figure 17-24Page 436
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Pacific Ocean
Panama
COSTA RICA HAS CREATED 8 MEGARESERVES
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Figure 17-25Page 437
Biosphere Reserve
Human settlements
Tourism and education center
Research station
OUR PARKS NEED BUFFER ZONES THAT ENCOURAGE
ECOTOURISM
Core area
Buffer zone 1
Buffer zone 2
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Figure 17-27Page 439
Mediterranean basin
Philippines
Caribbean
Western Ghats and Sri Lanka
Wallacea
New Caledonia
Polynesia and Micronesia island complex
AREAS WITH LARGE NUMBER OF ENDEMIC SPECIES AND
HIGH BIODIVERSITY
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END OF CHAPTER 17