What are the building blocks

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What are the building blocks?

• Subatomic particles
• Protons
• Electrons
• s orbital
• p orbital
• d orbital
• Hybrids

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Electron Both wave and particle
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Electron Both wave and particle
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Its all aboutbuilding blocks
CHEMISTRY
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Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen
4 3 2 1
Number of available connections (bonds)
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H
Methane
C
H
H
H
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Methanol
H
C
O
H
H
H
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FORCE ENERGY
The forces at work are Electromagnetic Repulsio
n of like charges proton-proton and
electron-electronAttraction of unlike charges
proton-electron. Magnetic Electron spin
introduces magnetic forces. Electrons with
opposite spins produce opposite magnetic poles.
Opposite magnetic poles attract. Opposite spin is
required for electrons to occupy the same orbital.
S
N
N
S
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Lewis Structures Molecular Shape
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Lewis Structures
Gilbert Lewis
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Lewis Structures

• Keeps track of valence (bonding) electrons
• Predicts formula for many compounds
• Predicts charge of compounds
• Predicts stability of compounds
• Predicts molecular shape if combined with other
  theories.

nitrateNO3-
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Why interest in Molecular Shape?

• Predicts polar compounds (ones with ends with
  opposite charges)
• Predicts solubility
• Predicts interaction with light (link)
• Predicts crystal structure

d-
d-
d
d-
d-
d
d-
d-
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Methane building blocks
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
Lewis Structure
VSEPR
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
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Carbon
1s2 2s2 2p2
s
p
d
f
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1s
2s
2px
2pz
2py
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
y
Promote
Hybridize
x
109.5o
z
Methane Carbon
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VSEPR

• http//www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vsepr/
• http//www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/chemputer/vsepr.ht
  ml
• http//www.chemistry.wustl.edu/edudev/Vsepr/table
  1.html
• http//intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Lecture/Chap
  ter10/VSEPR.html

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Orbitals

• http//www.mpcfaculty.net/ron_rinehart/orbitals.ht
  m

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Lewis Structures

• http//www.stolaf.edu/depts/chemistry/courses/tool
  kits/121/js/lewis/

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PF3
5 7x3 26 valence electrons
1 2 3 4 5
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Magic 8
4 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
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P
F
PF3
F
F
s
p
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
d
f
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4 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
1 central atomA 3 bonding atoms B3 1
non-bonding pairs of electrons N AB3N
-
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AB3N
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AB3N
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Hybridization
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Polar?
d
P
F
d-
F
d-
F
d-
P 2.1 F 4.0
Electronegativity
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SCl2
6 7x3 27 valence electrons
1 2 3 4 5
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Magic 8
S
Cl
-
4 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
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P
F
PF3
F
F
s
p
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
d
f
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4 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
1 central atomA 2 bonding atoms B2 2
non-bonding pairs of electrons N2 AB2N2
-
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AB2N2
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Hybridization
Cl
S
Cl
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Polar ?
d
d-
d-
S 2.5 Cl 3.0
Electronegativity
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CS2
4 6x2 16 valence electrons
1 2 3 4 5
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Magic 8
C
S
-
2 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
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VESPR Sketch
2 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
1 central atomA 2 bonding atoms B2 Zero
non-bonding pairs of electrons AB2
-
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AB2
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Hybridization
for carbon
Straight Trigonal Tetrahedral Trigonal
bipyramidal Octahedral
for sulfur
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2s
2px
2pz
2py
1s
sp sp
Hybridized
Promoted
sp
Linear
2s 2px
Carbon in hydrogen cyanide or carbon disulfide
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Polar ?
S 2.5 C 2.5
Electronegativity
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KrF2
8 7x2 22 valence electrons
1 2 3 4 5
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Violated Magic 8
F
Kr
OK for period 3 elements or higher
5 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
-
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VESPR Sketch
5 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
1 central atomA 2 bonding atoms B2 3
non-bonding pairs of electrons AB2N3
-
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AB2N3
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Polar ? No
d
d-
d-
Kr 3.0 F 4.0
Electronegativity
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PO33-
5 6x3 3 26 valence electrons
1 2 3 4 5
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Magic 8
P
O
3-
-
3-
4 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
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VESPR Sketch
2 groups of electrons, which will repel each
other.
1 central atomA 3 bonding atoms B3 1
non-bonding pairs of electronsN AB2N
-
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Hybridization
Straight Trigonal Tetrahedral Trigonal
bipyramidal Octahedral
Trigonal pyramidal
for P O
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Polar ?
d
3-
P
d-
d-
d-
O 3.5 P 2.1
Electronegativity
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Now its your turn
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sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d
Neon
3s
3px
3pz
3py
2
dxz dyz dxy dx2-y2 dz2
Hybridized
90o
Promoted
120o
TrigonalBipyrimidal
120o
Phosphorus Pentachloride Phosphorus
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PF3
s
p
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
d
f
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Principle number n
l0
s
l1
p
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period
5 Period 6 Period 7
l2
d




l3
f


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Electron Configuration
He
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period
5 Period 6 Period 7
3d
4d
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