Water Pollution in Hong Kong

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Water Pollution in Hong Kong
1.Introduction
2.The sources of water pollution
5.EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE
Agricultural wastes Industrial wastes Domestic
wastes Oil spillages
6.Conclusion
3.The locational pattern of water pollution
4.Some measures to reduce water pollution
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Introduction
The aquatic environment is one in which fish,
plants,and other living organisms live and grow.
If a great deal of waste material is discharged
into rivers and the sea,it will badly affect the
quality environment .Wastes discharged into the
aquatic environment include solid wastes,liquid
effluent and waste heat.The water can dissolves
salts chemicals and solids which can be damaging
to plants, animals and land. when the quality of
the water become so bad that few living things
can survive, water pollution occurs . The level
of water pollution can be indicated by the
dissolved oxygen level (DO level)in percentage
.Dissolved oxygen is very importance to marine
life .The greaterthe amount that is present in
the water , the healthier is the sea.
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The Sources of water pollution

• In Hong Kong, there are four main sources of
  water pollution

-Agricultural waste -Industrial waste -Domestic
waste -Oil spillage
About 60 of these pollutants come from
agricultural activities, 22from manufacturing
industries and 10 from our home.
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Agricultural waste

• Agricultural waste come mostly from poultry and
  pig farming . They are being dumped into the
  rivers at rate of about 2000tonnes a day. The
  excessive amount of chemical fertilizers and
  insecticides being applied by farmers may be
  washed away by running water or drained away .
  
  
• These pollutants may gather in heavy silt loads .
  They use up supply of dissolved oxygen in rivers
  and cause bad smells. The high silt load stops
  light coming through the water . This prevents
  algae growth and later lowers the oxygen content
  of the water .the dissolved oxygen levels in the
  rivers fall sharply and the water become
  polluted.

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Industrial waste

• Industrial wastes mainly come from tanneries,
  chemical work , canneries, dyeing, and bleaching
  factories. The effluents from many of these
  factories contain larger amount of toxic
  chemicals, such as mercury , cadmium and chromium
  which are directly poisonous to water and dyeing
  matter cause indirect harm to all living things.

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Domestic waste

• In Hong Kong, the average daily water consumption
  is about 200 litres per person. More than two
  million tonnes of waste-water are produced every
  day. About two-thirds of this comes from the
  major residential areas of Kowloon and the New
  Territoriesthe remaining one-third is
  contributed by residents on Hong Kong Island. The
  growing populated in Hong Kong has caused its
  water quality to decline steadily as hundreds of
  millions of litres of sullage (liquid domestic
  waste),sewage and even night soil from our homes
  enter the harbour area and pollute our coastal
  waters each year.

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Oil spillages

• Oil spillages, though relatively uncommon in Hong
  Kong waters, can raise the level of oil in the
  coastal waters and have a serious effect on
  marine life. Marine life and seafood have also
  been contaminated by the chemical agents poured
  on to the water in an attempt to disperse the oil
  slicks.

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The locational pattern of water pollution

• Poultry and pig farms are scattered around the
  main catchment area of territorys rivers .
  Sixteen per cent of the 400 kilometers of streams
  or rivers in the new territories are badly
  polluted . The majority are in the lowland area
  of Yuen Long, Kam Tin , Sheung Shui and Fanling .
  Most of these polluted rivers eventually empty
  themselves into Deep Bay and Tolo Channel , thus
  heavily polluting the sea water as well . The
  Rivers Sutlej , Yeun Long Cheek , Beaus, Indus
  and Kam Tin River are among the most polluted
  rivers.
• Tolo harbour , Deep Bay , and Victoria Harbour
  are very much affected by the industrial
  effluents that are produced by the industrial
  effluents that are produced by the factories in
  surrounding industrial zones.The sediment
  contamination in Victoria Harbour remains very
  high .Most metal pollution comes from the
  electronic and metal industry .these toxins will
  finally enter the food chains and seriously
  affect man.

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Some measure to reduce water pollution

• 1. We can improve the sewers and sewage treatment
  ,and disposal systems. The sewers must lead to
  treatment and disposal works that can meet the
  objectives set by the government. On Hong Kong
  Island, raw sewage is primarily treated at
  Repulse bay and deep Water Bay. There are
  treatment works at ShaTin, Tai PO, Shek Wu Hui
  and Yuen Long.
• 2. The government has introduced the Water
  Pollution Control Ordinance to prtect the
  community against toxic chemicals,pathogens and
  other effluents.
• 3. The government has declared important Water
  Control Zones(WCZs) to protect our rivers and
  coastal waters from the effluents being produced
  by all types of economic activities. Each
  effluent discharged, except household sewage,
  must have a license. In this way, the quality and
  volume of effluent discharged can be controlled.
• 4. The factories are encouraged to implement
  necessary wastes-water treatment to ensure that
  the effluents discharged do not contain more
  non-toxic organic waste than the governments
  designed standard.

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The Stonecutters Island sewage treatment works
will serve Victoria Harbour, but not the growing
population in the New Territories.
A typical grease trap works by encouraging solids
to settle at the bottom and grease to float to
the top.
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EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE

• Determination of dissolved oxygen in some water
  sample
• titleThe dissolved oxygen in different area
• Purpose of the project
• To find out how the water affect the dissolved
  oxygen.
• Hypothesis
• The dissolved oxygen in sea water is lower.
• Materials and equipment
• - water sample from different area
• - beaker
• - dissolved oxygen equipment
• - distilled water

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Experimental procedure - Use beaker to collect
different water sample. - Put the DO stirrer into
the water sample. - Stir the water sample. Wait
for few minutes. - Record the reading from the
dissolved oxygen equipment - Put the DO stirrer
into distilled water. - Repeat the experiment and
test for another water sample.
Data Data Obtained 22/03/2001 Wu Kai Sha
36.9ppm Sup Sze Heung
47.6ppm Clear Water Bay
46.0ppm Tsing Yi Ferry Pier 48.0ppm Kwun Tong
Public Pier 41.1ppm Experimental
observations The dissolved oxygen in Wu Kai Sha
is low. The dissolved oxygen in other areas are
higher and the data are very close.
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Conclusions -Is the hypothesis correct? No. The
dissolved oxygen of sea water is higher in
different place. -Problem to collect the water
sample. -Something learned. -The dissolved oxygen
is hard to record. -There will be some sources of
error if we collect the water sample too early
before the experiment. It is because the DO will
change according to the date -The stirrer put
into the distilled water and do the experiment
may cause some source of error in the result.
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-The dissolved oxygen in Wu Kai Sha is lower
because it is at the lower portion of the river,
more living microorganism can live in it. The
dissolved oxygen in Sup Sze Heung is higher
because it is at the upper portion of the river,
the water flow is faster, therefore only little
microorganism can live in it. The dissolved
oxygen in Clear Water Bay is high and the one in
Tsing Yi Ferry Pier is the highest because the
water flow of the sea is fast and there are water
wave, more oxygen will be trap on it. Compare
the dissolved oxygen in Tsing Yi Ferry Pier
and that of the Kwun Tong Public Pier, the Kwun
Tong Public Pier's DO is lower because there is a
Kwun tong Typhoon Shelter which will lesser the
wind to blow into the sea water. -The faster the
water flow, the higher the dissolved oxygen
because fewer living microorganism can be
survive. -The water pollution will also affect
the dissolved oxygen of the water sample we test
for. If the water pollution is serious, fewer
living microorganism can survive and therefore
higher DO.
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Conclusion

• Water pollution is due to the discharge of
  untreated domestic, agricultural and industrial
  wastes into streams, rivers and seas. According
  to the types of pollutants, there are many
  different types of water pollution organic
  pollution, inorganic pollution, inorganic
  nutrient pollution, chemical pollution, and
  thermal pollution and oil pollution.
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the important parameter
  indicating the general condition of water and the
  health risk to the public. The rich supply of
  organic pollutant supports the rapid growth of
  bacteria. These bacteria use up the dissolved
  oxygen and release toxic wastes. Therefore, the
  lower the DO is, the more serious the water
  pollution is. Among all the possible parameters
  such as E.coli concentration, detection of heavy
  metal etc., in this project, DO is chosen to be
  the parameter to be measured.

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• From the results, it is concluded that the speed
  of water flow affects the extent of pollution.
  The higher the speed of water flow makes the
  fewer pollutants to accumulate at the bottom of
  the sea and streams. For example, compared to the
  DO of water samples in Sap Sze Heung and Wu Kai
  Sha, since the speed of the water flow is greater
  in Sap Sze Heung which is at the upstream and the
  speed of the water flow is smaller in Wu Kai Sha
  which is at the downstream, the DO in Sap Sze
  Heung is higher than that in Wu Kai Sha. This
  means that the water pollution is more serious in
  Wu Kai Sha.
• The geographical location also affects the
  DO in water. Take an example of water samples
  from Tsing Yi Ferry Pier and Kwun Tong Public
  Pier, since Kwun Tong Public Pier is a Typhoo
  Shelter, which will be lesser the wind to blow
  into the seawater (a bay) but the Tsing Yi Ferry
  Pier, is not, the water flow of sea is fast and
  so more oxygen is trapped by water waves. More
  pollutants are also pull away by the water waves.
  Thus, the water quality in Tsing Yi Ferry Pier is
  better than that in Kwun Tong Public Pier.

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Group Member

• Chan Chong Fai
• Lui On Ki
• Tsang Pui Ying
• Hung Pui Lam

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The End !!