Bones, Muscles,

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Bones, Muscles, Skin

• Mrs. Thompson- 7th Grade
• Eastside Junior-Senior High

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Organization of the Body

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs Organ Systems
• Homeostasis

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Cells
A basic unit of structure function in living
things. Function of carry on the processes that
keep organisms alive Structures nucleus
(control center), cell membrane (outside boundary
of the cell), cytoplasm (contains organelles)
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Plant Cell
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Animal Cell
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Human Cell
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Tissues

• A group of similar cells that perform the same
  function.
• Muscle
• Nervous
• Connective
• Epithelial
• (See p. 48 of your text)

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Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue is made of long cylindrical cells
that have the ability to contract.

• Carries out movement of the body.

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Nervous Tissue

• Directs and controls a process.

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Connective Tissue

• Provides support for your body and connects all
  its parts (examples bone tissue fat are
  connective tissues).

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Epithelial Tissue

• Covers inside outside surfaces of your body.

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Organs Organ Systems

• Integumentary System - skin (protection)
• Skeletal System - bones (protection, support)
• Muscular System - muscles (movement)
• Nervous System - nerves brain (coordination)
• Endocrine System - glands (coordination)
• Circulatory System (also Cardiovascular) - blood,
  heart, vessels (Transport)
• Lymphatic System - lymph vessels (protection)
• Respiratory System - lungs, trachea (gas
  exchange)
• Digestive System - mouth gtgtgt rectum (materials,
  energy)
• Urinary System - kidneys, urinary bladder
  (excrete wastes)
• Reproductive System

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Homeostasis

• Process by which an organisms internal
  environment is kept stable despite changes in the
  external environment.
• In action
• Maintains
• Stress and homeostasis

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Skeletal System

• What does it do?
• 5 major functions
• provides shape support
• Enables you to move
• Protects your organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores minerals other materials until your body
  needs them

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Skeletal System

• Bones (206 in human body)
• Structure outer membrane, compact bone, spongy
  bone, marrow (red or yellow) (see text pgs
  5657)

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Skeletal System

• Bones
• STRENGTH strong lightweight (so strong that
  they can absorb more force without breaking than
  can concrete or granite rock)
• GROWTH bones are alive they contain cells
  tissues, such as blood nerves
• new bone tissue is always
  growing
• DEVELOPMENT As an infant, much of your skeleton
  is cartilage is replaced with hard bone tissue
  as you get older (approx. 20 years) This
  process is called ossification.
• TAKING CARE OF YOUR BONES prevents
  osteoporosis
• Good diet (calcium phosphorus meats, whole
  grains, leafy vegetables)
• Exercise
• COMMON INJURIES fracture, break, dislocations,
  sprains
• use X-Rays, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
  to identify injury

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Joints of Skeletal System

• Joints allow bones to move in different
  directions.
• Immovable joints or fibrous allows no movement
  dome of skull, hold teeth in jawbone
• Partially movable joints or cartilaginous
  (pronounced kar-tuh-lah-juh-nus) linked by
  cartilage which allows for little movement
  spine
• Movable joints or synovial (pronounced
  sih-no-vee-ul) allows a variety of movement
  hips, shoulders, elbows, knees, wrists,
  ankles
• These joints are held together by ligaments
  cartilage (connective tissues).
• Examples Hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket joints

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Muscular System

• Types of Muscle
• Involuntary muscles not under your conscious
  control (heart beating, breathing, digesting
  food)
• Voluntary muscle you control consciously
  (smiling, turning a page in a book, etc.)
• Types of muscle tissue
• (performs specific functions)
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle (found only in heart)
• (see text pg 65)

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Skeletal Muscle

• (sometimes called striated muscle)
• Attaches to the bones of your skeleton and
  provide the force that moves your bones.
• Voluntary muscle
• Reacts tires very quickly
• Tendons (found at the end of the skeletal
  muscle) strong connective tissue that attaches to
  bone

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Smooth Muscle

• Inside of many internal organs (such as stomach
  blood vessels)
• Involuntary muscle
• React tire slowly

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Cardiac Muscle

• Found ONLY in your heart
• Involuntary muscle (like smooth muscle)
• Muscle cells are straited (like skeletal muscle)
• Does not get tired contracts repeatedly
  (heartbeats)

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Muscles at work

• Muscle cells can ONLY contract, not extend,
  skeletal muscles must work in pairs. As one
  muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair
  relaxes to it original length
• Exercise makes the muscle cells grow in size
  (becomes thicker)

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Integumentary System (skin)

• Largest organ in the human body
• Major functions
• Protecting the body
• Maintain temperature
• Eliminating wastes
• Gathering information
• Producing vitamin D (presence of sunlight)

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Layer of the Skin
Epidermis (outer layer of the skin) contains
cells that have a life cycle replaced approx.
every 2 weeks These cells protect cushion
your fingertips, carry away bacteria other
substances on skin, produce fingernails, and
produce melanin (a pigment that gives skin color
protects from sunlight) Dermis (middle layer of
the skin) contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat
glands, hairs, oil glands, some pain touch
receptors Hypodermis (fatty lower layer) --
provides nourishment to the dermis and upper
layers of skin. It also conserves body heat and
cushions internal organs against trauma. Blood
vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and deeper hair
follicles are found in the hypodermis.
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Integumentary System (skin)

• Caring for your skin-
• healthy diet
• keeping skin clean
• limiting sun exposure