Growth and Development Ch' 7 Toddlerhood 13 Yrs'

1
Growth and Development Ch. 7 Toddlerhood 1-3
Yrs.

• Height and weight- the toddler usually grows an
  average of 3 inches per year and gains an average
  of 4 to 6 lbs per year.
• Extremities grow faster than the trunk.
• Potbellied appearance of the 2 year old due to
  weak abdominal muscles disappears by age 3.
• 20 teeth at 2 ½ yrs.
• Ossification of the bones continue to take place.
• By 18 months the anterior fontanel will close.

2
Toddlers

• Eye muscles strengthen, visual acuity improves
• Lazy eye or amblyopia child will have double
  vision treatment is patching strong eye to force
  weak eye to strengthen
• Crossed eyes or strabismus if persists see MD
• Eustachian tubes in toddlers are short and wide
  allowing easy migration of microorganisms from
  upper resp tract into the middle ear leading to
  more frequent ear infections

3
Vital Signs

• Temp- 98-99 degrees F
• Pulse rate- 90-120 bpm
• Respirations- 20-30 bpm
• Average blood pressure- 99/64 mm Hg

4
Development

• Motivational force behind the development of
  motor skills is the childs search for
  INDEPENDENCE
• Fine motor skills center on self-feeding,
  dressing, and play
• Toilet training depends on the maturity in the
  toddlers muscles, including sphincter control
  and maturation of the sensory centers in the
  brain. Do not make an issue of any accidents.
  Treat them matter of factly

5
Psychosocial Development

• According to Erikson, AUTONOMY or INDEPENDENCE is
  the major psychosocial task of the toddler
• Ambivalence feelings of love hate towards
  caregivers
• Toddlers prefer PARALLEL play playing
  alongside other children instead of with them

6
Discipline box 7-2

• Require consistency and reinforcement
• Nonnegotiable issues
• safety
• property destruction
• not hurting others
• temper tantrums common in 2-3 yr olds due to
  frustration
• negativistic behavior

• pick your battles
• allow the child to make some choices
• use of time outs
• help them learn to talk about feelings once
  they are in control

7
Special Psychosocial Concerns

• Separation anxiety
• can tolerate only brief periods away from
  parents
• parents need to honest about leaving tell the
  child when they will return
• may need use of comfort items such as
  blankets, soft toys

• Sibling Rivalry
• feelings of jealousy and insecurity with birth
  of new child
• may lead to regressive behavior a return to a
  former behavior like drinking from a bottle,
  being held like a baby

8
Cognitive and Moral Development

• Cognitive
• preoperational thought limited problem-solving
• object permanence develops understanding that
  things dont disappear even if they cant see
  them
• egocentric behavior

• Moral
• toddlers learn from their parents moral codes
  and by imitating parental behavior and teachings
• parents need to be good role models

9
TODDLERS

• NUTRITION
• should be eating same foods as other family
• needs foods high in calcium, iron, protein,
  phosphorus vitamins
• plain foods
• consistency at meal times
• ritualistic behaviors common using the same
  plate or cup for each meal

• SLEEP REST
• short naps
• often do not want to go to sleep because they
  are afraid they will miss something
• establish bedtime routines to provide security

10
Safety concerns

• Accident prone due to their natural curiosity
• They are incapable of recognizing danger
• Parents must watch them at all times
• Remove safety hazards

• Choking hazards
• Car safety
• safety seats
• seat belts
• window door locks
• Play areas away from roads streets
• Water safety

11
Health Promotion

• Regular physical exams _at_ 18, 24 36 months
• By age 2 should be screened for TB
• Watch for signs of child abuse
• see table 7-2