Technologies What new sensors need to be developed

1
Technologies - What new sensors need to be
developed?

• Physical
• Water/air Flow transport, fluid velocity
• Temporal scale once / 10 sec
• Need 1D, 3D flow field information air, water,
  soil, groundwater
• Need to know the proper orientation of the sensor
  in the environment to a reference point a
  necessity!
• Micro-turbulence measurements needed / Density
• Spatial scales micro, meso
• New Sensor Possibilities NMR pore size,
  biofilms, permeability, porosity, interfaces

2
Technologies

• Physical
• Acoustical
• Spatial scales 2D and 3D imaging?, can it be
  used for mapping sediment/water interface?
• Proxy for biology in ocean and lakes fish
  (e.g. ADCP)
• Optical (air and water)
• Need accurate techniques to measure particle
  backscattering (small angle 0.01o )
• Need UV low power systems
• Standardizaton needs for fluorescence
• Miniaturization
• Discrimination of particle and nanoparticles /
  aerosols includes non-biological and biological
• Infra Red

3
Technologies - CHEMICAL
Inorganics solution phase (includes soils and
sediments)- nutrients, pH, O2, pCO2, ClO4-, N2O,
H2S, SO2, Fe, Mn, trace metals, more including
speciation of an element. air phase NOx, SOx,
CO2, CO, O3, etc. Solid interface surface
sites on clays, etc. high sensitivity (nM) and
precision (0.01 for pH). Do chemical kinetics in
situ rates / stoichiometry of reactions Needs
fast response (1 sec), miniaturization where
possible, reproducibility, sensitivity,
selectivity, biofouling concerns 2D/3D
Longevity Multi-element capability at same space
and time
4
Technologies
CHEMICAL SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES CH4, toxins
including (non)-halogenated and halogenated
(non)aromatic hydrocarbons, estrogens,
pharmaceuticals and their degradation/metabolite
products New Sensor Possibilities mass spec,
biochemical assays, UV fluorescence Microfabricari
on for making binding sites Temporal scale -
minute to days Environmental medium all -
soils, groundwater, water, drinking water,
air Spatial scale micro to macro, interfaces
5
Technologies
CHEMICAL solution phase DOC, DON sequestered
carbon in any medium, soot in air Radionuclides
metals and nonmetals natural and man made
isotopes in all media
6
Technologies
CHEMICAL LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULES (gt 300 Da)
clear need Mass spec on aerosols is in its
infancy Were in trouble here!!!
7
Technologies
BIOLOGICAL / PHYSIOLOGICAL Need to measure
proteonomics, metabolism and metabolic products,
morphology, growth rates, primary production,
respiration, stress, predation, microbial genes,
pathogens, biological speciation at all levels
(Harmful Algal Blooms to whales and
elephants). Couple physical, biological and
chemical parameters at the same time and space.
Obtain Fluxes and rates. Address bioavailability
/ toxicology Proxies for biological processes
until appropriate sensors come online.
8
Technologies
Sensors optical, spectroscopic,
electrochemical, separation techniques,
acoustical, nanoparticle sensors, any
others. Multi sensor packages to measure as many
parameters as possible. Require
miniaturization. Better Data processing /
Principal component analysis.
9
Cross cutting sensors - Water, soils/sediments,
air

• Eddy correlation for fluxes air water/sediment
  interface
• Spectroscopic techniques can cut across all
  fields but depends on the excitation wavelength.
• Electrochemical cuts across all fields pending
  electrode/cell design (membrane).
• Need to transfer techniques between atmospheric,
  terrestrial and marine environments.
• Any sensor not application specific??? Mass spec,
  natural radionuclide analysis but may depend on
  sampling and deployment concerns.

10
NSF encouragement

• Need to transfer techniques between aquatic,
  atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments
  as will likely be done via this workshop
• Need to cut across government agencies (expand
  NOPP MODEL), NSF directorates
• Need to engage industry