Greenhouse Gases

1
Greenhouse Gases
2
Introduction

• global warming is considered by the Canadian
  government to be one of the most pressing
  environmental challenges
• in 1992, Canada supported the UN Framework
  Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• Government of Canada announced its ratification
  of the Kyoto Protocol in December 2002
• Legislation/covenants currently being developed
  will specify GHG emission quantification and
  reporting requirements

3
Greenhouse Gases and GWPs

• Kyoto Protocol calls for reductions in the
  emissions of six major greenhouse gases
• GHG GWP
• carbon dioxide, CO2 1
• methane, CH4 21
• nitrous oxide, N2O 310
• hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs 140 - 11,700
• perfluorocarbons, PFCs 6,500 - 9,200
• sulphur hexafluoride, SF6 23,900

reflects the global warming capacity of each
GHG relative to CO2
4
Climate Change Policy

• for Canada, 6 reduction in GHG emissions below
  1990 levels within the 2008 - 2012 commitment
  period
• Climate Change Plan for Canada (Nov. 2002)
• includes 3 step emissions reduction targets for
• large final emitters (LFEs)
• transportation, buildings
• agriculture, forestry, landfills, etc.

5
Greenhouse Gas Targets

• an overall reduction of 240 megatonnes from
  business as usual level in 2010
• NRCan Large Final Emitters Group
• 55 megatonne reduction
• negotiated covenants
• backstop legislation and regulations
• 8 kt or more CO2e average annual emissions
• 20 kg/1000 gross production or more

6
Greenhouse Gas Reporting

• Major greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HCFCs,
  PFCs, SF6 ) have been reported to NERM since 1992
• NPRI currently includes SF6
• OMOE Reg.127 reporting required for selected GHGs
• Alberta is establishing a reporting regime
  beginning with reporting of 2003 emissions in
  2004
• Domestic GHG Reporting System being developed to
  support Climate Change Plan for Canada and
  harmonize with provincial/territorial needs
• Canadas National GHG Inventory prepared annually
  based on StatsCan ICE Survey

7
GHG Sources and Quantification Methods
8
GHG Emission Sources Reported to NERM

• direct emissions from
• on-site energy use (fuel combustion)
• process operations (chemical processes, feedstock
  use)
• co-generation, or CHP - combined heat and power
• emissions associated with the generation of
  electricity by provincial utilities was formerly
  attributable to the electricity sector
• these emissions are now increasingly reported as
  direct emissions from member facilities with
  co-gen units

9
GHG Emission Sources NOT Reported to NERM

• indirect emissions
• purchased or imported steam, electricity, other
  forms of energy
• however, metrics are under development and
  members are encouraged to keep records
• vehicle emissions are not included

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Guidance Documents

• CCPA
• Guideline for Quantifying Emissions from
  Chemical Facilities, Section 15 - Greenhouse
  Gases
• Guidelines for Energy Efficiency
• Guidelines for GHG Emissions Reporting
• Environment Canada
• National GHG Inventory
• GHG Verification Centre
• Draft Guidance Manual for Estimating Greenhouse
• Gas Emissions from Stationary Fuel Combustion
  Sources
• NRCan LFE Group will be regulating
  quantification/reporting requirements

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Guidance Documents / Sources of Information

• Statistics Canada
• Industrial Consumption of Energy Survey (ICE)
• CIEEDAC
• Natural Resources Canada
• CIPEC - Canadian Industry Program for Energy
  Conservation
• American Petroleum Institute
• Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation
  Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry
• National Pollutant Inventory (Australia)
• Emission Estimation Technique Manuals

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Guidance Documents / Sources of Information
(contd)

• IPIECA (International Petroleum Industry
  Environmental Conservation Association)
• Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting GHG
  Emissions
• VCR - Voluntary Challenge and Registry
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
• Change (IPCC)
• Good Practice Guidance
• GHG Inventories

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General Quantification Methods

• GHG emissions can be estimated using the same
  general methods as for CACs and other air
  pollutants
• emission factors
• direct measurement
• mass balance
• stoichiometry (fuel usage)

14
Data Needs

• on-site energy use
• fuel combusted/used (e.g. gas bills, fuel
  purchases), ideally by combustion source
• information on combustion sources (e.g. boiler
  rated capacity)
• fuel properties/composition (e.g. heating value,
  H2 content)
• energy used on site, exported
• same data needs apply to co-generation

15
Data Needs

• process emission sources
• feedstock quantities
• production quantities
• energy data
• energy purchased (imported) and sold (exported)
• electricity (and generation method default
  coefficients available by province)
• steam
• chilled water, compressed air, other forms of
  energy

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Direct GHG Emissions - Combustion

• Example
• The same chemical facility (from CAC examples)
  has a second boiler with rated capacity of 19
  MMBtu/h, which burns natural gas and No.2
  distillate oil. Annual boiler fuel consumption,
  from purchase records, was 3,449,000 m3 of
  natural gas and 679.4 tonnes (or 799,294 litres)
  of distillate oil.
• Distillate oil density given as 0.85 kg/L from
  MSDS

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Fuel Combustion Emission Factors
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Combustion Emissions - GHGs (Contd)

• CO2 emissions
• Natural Gas
• 3,449,000 m3 x 1,891 g/m3
• 6,522 tonnes
• Distillate
• 799,294 L x 2,730 g/L
• 2,182 tonnes
• Total CO2
• 6,522 2,182 8,704 tonnes

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Combustion Emissions - GHGs (Contd)

• CH4 emissions
• Natural Gas
• 3,449,000 m3 x 0.037 g/m3 0.128 tonnes
• Distillate
• 799,294 L x 0.133 g/L 0.106 tonnes
• Total CH4
• 0.128 0.106 0.234 tonnes
• Apply GWP to convert to CO2 equivalent emissions
• 0.234 x 21 4.9 tonnes as CO2 equivalent

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Combustion Emissions - GHGs (Contd)

• N2O emissions
• Natural Gas
• 3,449,000 m3 x 0.033 g/m3 0.114 tonne
• Distillate
• 799,294 L x 0.4 g/L 0.320 tonne
• Total N2O
• 0.114 0.320 0.434 tonne
• Apply GWP to convert to CO2 equivalent emissions
• 0.434 x 310 134.5 tonnes as CO2 equivalent

21
GHG Quantification - Process Sources

• Chemical industry process sources
• Reference Environment Canada

22
GHG Quantification - Process Sources

• Feedstock Use
• Reference Environment Canada

23
GHG Quantification - Co-generation

• Direct emissions from chemical facility
• Distinguish between co-gen emissions and those
  from the rest of the facility as follows
• emissions from facility excluding co-gen
• emissions from co-gen excluding those
  attributable to energy not used by the facility
• e.g. excess electricity sold to grid
• e.g. energy used by partner in joint venture

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Future directions

• Federal and provincial GHG reporting requirements
  are going beyond right to know and public
  accountability
• mandated / regulated reporting
• GHG emissions and intensity
• energy use and intensity
• product output
• related data / information
• compliance with covenants / regulations self
  reporting for enforcement of commitments
• quantification protocols/methods
• standardized / consistent methods

- data QA/QC requirements - verification /
auditing
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Development of GHG Metrics

• Conducted survey of CCPA members in 2003 to
• Test effectiveness of survey to provide useful
  metrics
• Test the availability and reliability of GHG and
  energy data
• Test the data collection process
• Provide preliminary assessment of energy/GHG
  trends
• Purpose and Objectives
• Develop indices to enable the tracking of
  members GHG and energy intensity/trends
• serve as input to discussions with government
• provide broad guidance on a reasonable GHG
  intensity reduction challenge

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Emissions and Energy Indices
Suitable indices for the chemical sector are
still under development the above indices have
been tested for some CCPA member facilities and
found to vary considerably
total greenhouse gas emissions expressed as
CO2-equivalent, based on GWP