XRay PhysicsDXO 607

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X-Ray Physics DXO 607

• The Basic Principles of X-ray Production

Michael J. OConnor D.C.
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Chapter 1

• Introduction
• To
• X-ray

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What is a ray?

• A beam of radiant energy which travels as a wave
  motion and is measured in terms of energy
  wavelength.

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The Duality of X-ray

• Two types of radiation
• Corpuscular radiation - tiny bits of matter
  moving almost as fast as the speed of light.
• Wavelength radiation (electromagnetic) - waves of
  radiant energy possessing no mass and no weight.

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The Duality of X-ray

• It was said that x-ray has no mass or weight
  however in recent years this concept has been
  closely scrutinized questioned.
• Example Cathode rays have been shown to have
  alpha Beta particles. These particles are of
  interest to us as they are the mass particles of
  radiation explosions produce radioactive
  material.

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The Duality of X-ray

• A Quanta is a bundle of energy or radiation
• Limiting of electrons in each shell is determined
  by 2n2 (n number of the shell)
• Example What is the maximum number of electrons
  in the third shell? 2(32) 18

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Electric and Magnetic waves comprise the
  electromagnetic spectrum and are arranged
  according to their wavelengths. Sixty cycle A.C.
  current is the longest, their wave length being
  approximately 3000 miles cosmic rays are the
  shortest at about one hundred-billionth of an
  inch.
• X-ray is approximately one billionth of an inch.

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What is an X-ray?

• An x-ray or Roentgen ray is a ray that is
  characterized by the following physical
  properties
• Has neither mass or weight -Has No Charge
• Moves in straight lines
• Moves at the speed of light (186,000 mi/sec)
• Is invisible
• Is differentially absorbed by matter
• Affects photographic emulsions
• Produces fluorescence phosphorescence in some
  substances
• Can ionize gases can damage, kill or stimulate
  tissue
• Is unaffected by electric or magnetic fields

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What is an X-ray?

• Milliampere (MA) is responsible for the number
  of rays produced.
• Kilovolts (kV) is the penetrating power.
• MAS (MA x Sec.) is the product of MA multiplied
  by the time of exposure (in seconds)

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What is an X-ray?

• We can prove the presence of x-ray by
• Their action on photographic emulsion
• Their action on certain crystals causing
  fluorescence
• Their ionization action on certain gases causing
  them to become conductors of electricity
• Their action on certain chemical systems causing
  them to have a measurable change
• Their action on certain substances causing these
  substances to change color
• Under certain conditions x-ray can be seen

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The Discovery of X-ray

• X-ray was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad
  Roentgen while he was the director of the
  Physical Institute at the University of Wurzburg,
  Bavaria.
• Geissler, Crookes and Leonard had prepared the
  way by experiments in the preceding 35 years -
  most probably producing x-rays many times.

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The Discovery of X-ray

• Roentgen discovered the ray while experimenting
  with an induction coil and a vacuum tube enclosed
  in black paper. A sheet of cardboard coated with
  barium platinocyanide, a substance known to
  fluoresce in the light of such an apparatus,
  glowed with all tube light excluded by the black
  paper covering.

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The Discovery of X-ray

• Roentgen picked up the cardboard and in doing so
  saw the bones of his hand upon it. He called his
  great discovery x-rays - x representing the
  unknown. They are often termed Roentgen rays in
  honor of their discoverer.