Discussion Questions

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Discussion Questions

• What could the emphasis on human sacrifice tell
  you about the Aztec state and religion? In what
  ways was it a continuation of traditional
  Mesoamerican practices? In what ways was it not?
•  What factors might have explained the
  differences between the Indian societies of North
  America and those of Mesoamerica and South
  America?
• Compare the social and religious structures of
  the Aztec and Inca empires. How might this
  structure help to explain their success?

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States and Empires in Mesoamerica and North
America

• Little outside contact
• Scandinavians
• Asians - Australia
• Mesoamerica - war and conquest, 8th c. CE

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The Toltec

• Regional states - central Mexico
• Teotihuacan
• Warfare
• Toltec
• High point 950-1150 CE
• Urban
• Decline
• Internal strife
• nomadic incursions 1175 CE

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The Mexica

• Migrants, mid 13th c. CE
• Kidnap women, seize lands
• Settled c. 1375 CE in Tenochtitlan
• Fertile soil

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The Aztec Empire

• Mexica tributaries by 15th c.
• Itzcóatl (1428-1440), Motecuzouma I (Montezuma,
  1440-1469)
• Aztec Empire Texcoco, Tlacopan, and Mexica
• Tribute, obligations

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The Toltec and Aztec empires, 950-1520 C.E.
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Mexica Society

• Hierarchy
• Soldiers
• Aristocrats
• Land, food
• Adornment

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Mexica Women

• Patriarchal
• Child-bearing
• Future soldiers
• Mothers of warriors

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Priests

• Calendars
• Rituals
• Omens
• Advised rulers
• Occasionally became rulers

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Other Classes

• Calpulli
• Communal lands
• Work aristocratic lands
• Slaves
• Debtors
• Children
• Artisans - prestige

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Legacies of Olmecs Mayas

• Pyramids
• Ball Game/human sacrifice
• Calendar

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Mexica Religion

• Olmec legacy
• Poc-ta-tok
• Solar calendar (365 days) and ritual calendar
  (260 days)

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Mexica Gods

• Tezcatlipoca (smoking mirror)
• Life and death
• Warriors
• Quetzalcóatl
• Arts, crafts, agriculture
• Huitzilopochtli
• Patron of Mexica
• Blood sacrifices

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Ritual Bloodletting

• Human sacrifice
• Ritual wounds
• Criminals, enemy soldiers
• Personal rituals

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Aztec Human Sacrifice
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Peoples and Societies of the North

• Pueblo and Navajo Societies
• American SW
• Maize farming 80 of diet
• 700 CE, stone or adobe dwellings
• Iroquois Peoples
• E. Mississippi woodlands
• Mound-building peoples
• Ceremonial platforms, homes, burial grounds
• Cahokia - St. Louis, 900-1250 CE

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Kiva in Mesa Verde
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City of Cahokia
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Pueblos Iroquois
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Native North American Trade

• No written documents
• Widespread trade - archeology
• River routes exploited

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Inuit Family
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States and Empires in South America

• No writing pre-16th c. CE
• Andean society from 1000 BCE
• Cities from 1000-1500 CE

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Before the Coming of the Incas

• Moche displaced Chavín
• Andes - regional states
• Chucuito
• Lake Titicaca (border of Peru and Bolivia)
• Potatoes, llamas, alpacas
• Chimu (Chimor)
• Peruvian coast
• Capital Chanchan

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The Inca Empire

• Cuzco
• Quechua
• Lake Titicaca - 13th century
• Pachacuti (r. 1438-1471) expands
• Modern Peru, parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile,
  Argentina
• Population 11.5 million

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The Inca empire, 1471-1532 C.E.
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Quipu and Inca Administration

• Colonization, hostages
• Quipu, but no writing
• Mnemonic aid
• Capital Cozco
• Residents nobility, priests, hostages

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Keeper of the Quipu
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Inca Roads

• Two N-S roads, approximately 10,000 miles
• Mountain route
• Coastal route
• Wide, paved, shaded
• Courier and messenger services
• Limited long-distance trade
• Government monopoly

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Incan Society and Religion

• Infallible king, elites
• Descent from the sun
• Worship of ancestors
• Mummified
• Consulted
• Sacrifices offered
• Paraded

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Aristocrats, Priests, and Peasants

• Aristocrats - privileges
• Priests - ascetic, celibate
• Peasants - ayllu
• Land, tools held communally
• Mandatory work - aristocrats
• Public works

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Inca Religion

• Inti
• Viracocha
• Temples
• Sacrifices produce, animals
• Sin

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The Societies of Oceania

• Australia
• Nomadic foragers
• No agriculture
• Static culture
• New Guinea
• Swine herding, root cultivation c. 5000 BCE
• Small-scale trade

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Aborigine with Boomerang
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The Societies of Oceania.
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The Development of Pacific Island Societies

• Early centuries BCE
• Trade between islands
• Long-distance trade
• Sweet potatoes
• Oral traditions

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Population Growth

• Cultivation
• Fishing
• Fish ponds
• Population density
• Social strife
• Economic degradation
• C. 1500 CE fierce fighting, cannibalism

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Development of Social Classes

• Classes
• Multi-island empires
• Limited before 19th c.
• Controlled land, labor and conscription

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Polynesian Religion

• Priests intermediaries
• Gods of war, agriculture
• Temple Marae (heiau)