The French and Indian War

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The French and Indian War

• Contd

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General Edward Braddock

• British
• Led troops against the French and Indians at Ft.
  Duquesne
• Outnumbered
• Braddock killed
• British retreat

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Whats Up?!
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1756

• By 1756 This war was a world war
• France, Austria, Russia Vs. England and Prussia

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Europe Fighting
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William Pitt
I will help the colonies ?
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Not to be confused with
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Info on Pitt

• Englands Secretary of State
• Had to keep colonies at all costs
• Sent more troops and money to North America

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Colonists

• Fought with the British against the French
• At this point they still felt ties with England
• Wanted to keep their property, wealth, and way of
  life.

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British-American Colonial Tensions

• March in formation or bayonet charge.

• Indian-style guerilla tactics

Methods ofFighting

• Br. officers wanted to take charge of
  colonials.

• Col. militias served under own captains

MilitaryOrganization

• Drills tough discipline.

• No mil. deference or protocols observed.

MilitaryDiscipline

• Colonists should pay for their own defense.

• Resistance to rising taxes.

Finances

• Prima Donna Br. officers with servants
  tea settings.

• Casual, non-professionals.

Demeanor
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England and the Native Americans

• Needed Native Americans on their side
• Can be done in 2 ways
• Force
• Show the Native Americans they would win

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Will the Native Americans help?

• Native American goal was survival.
• 1759 After several British victories, Native
  Americans help to attack Ft. Niagara (Lake
  Ontario)
• 1760 Cherokee attacked the British in the South
  (massacre)

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Canada

• Quebec
• General James Wolfe defeated the French on the
  Plains of Abraham
• 1760 England defeated the French in North
  America.
• Fighting would continue for another 3 years in
  the Caribbean and Europe.

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Plains of Abraham
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British Victory!!

• The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the French and
  Indian War on the North American continent.
• What were the terms?

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The Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Under the terms in the treaty, England gained all
  of Canada that it did not already control, and
  the land east of the Mississippi.

• From Frances ally, Spain, England gained Florida.

• To repay Spain, France
• gave the Louisiana
• Territory to Spain.

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Englands Policies Towards the Colonies Pre-1763
England viewed the colonies as being in existence
to supply raw materials and to provide markets
for British goods.
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English Policies and Acts for the Colonies BEFORE
the French and Indian War

• Navigation Act of 1651all goods shipped between
  England and the colonies had to be carried in
  ships built by either England or the colonies
• To stop the Dutch

• 1660Parliament made a list of goods that could
  be shipped only to England. These items
  included tobacco, cotton, indigo, and sugar.

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• Molasses Act of 1733 heavy tax on the
  importation of sugar and molasses. This hurt the
  colonists but helped the owners of the sugar
  plantations on the British West Indies.

Woolen Act of 1699 forbade colonies to export
woolen goods.
Hat Act of 1732 illegal for hat makers to sell
their goods outside the colonies.
Iron Act of 1750 restricted the manufacture of
iron
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Salutary Neglect

• Colonies had freedom (England did not interfere
  with them)
• Why????
• England had tradition of strong local, weak
  central govt

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Contd

• Colonies were serving Britains economic needs
• Colonists liked being British

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England Realized

• Neglect served Englands interest better.
• Navigation Actrarely enforced

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Why was this a policy?

• The colonies were too far for Britain to control.

• Revenue officers did not bother to go to the
  colonies. They appointed deputies who were lax
  on their duties.

• Colonists began to evade British law. Smuggling
  became acceptable

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Native Americans after the War

• The British won most of the land they were living
  peacefully on with the French.
• The colonists were moving further west

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Pontiacs Rebellion

• Leader of Native American Tribe
• Rebelled against the British
• Destroyed all British forts west of the
  Appalachian Mountains.
• 2,000 colonists killed or captured.

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• The Native Americans were still posing problems
  for the colonists.
• Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley were
  upset over the colonists coming.

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Proclamation of 1763

• Reserved all land WEST of the Appalachian
  Mountains for the Native Americans.
• Any one there had to leave!

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Question?

• Did England have control over the colonies??

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England Tightens the Reigns

• George Grenville Became the Chief Minister of
  King George III.
• England had a debt of 145 Million

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What could he do??

• People in England were being taxed greatly in
  order to rid the country of debt
• The colonists were being taxed very little
• Grenville decided it was time to tax the
  colonists
• In addition, there were still British troops in
  North America

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He believed laws should be strictly enforced, and
set out to make sure that taxes were collected.
Writs of assistance general search warrants
allowing them to seek smuggled goods without
swearing out a particular warrant for every
building they enter.
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Revenue Act (Sugar Act)

• 1764
• Reduced the tax on imported French molasses
• Added a list of other colonial goods that could
  only be sent to England
• Act was strictly enforced
• Smugglers would be tried in British Courts-NOT
  Colonial Courts

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So, whats the big deal???
British courts had no jury. And the judge
received 5 commission on all illegal cargo fines.
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Currency Act

• 1751
• Colonists could not print their own currency

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Stamp Act

• 1765
• The first direct tax
• Taxed printed and commercial documents
• Newspaper, pamphlets, legal documents, diplomas,
  playing cards, dice

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The Stamp Act Congress

• A convention that was held among representatives
  of colonial governments to decide on a common
  policy toward the British government.

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• They met in New York in 1765.
• They decided to boycott British made goods.
• Massachusetts sent a letter urging all the
  colonies to participate in the protest.

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Most of the people who opposed British taxes were
from the wealthy merchant and planter classes,
they were supported by others. Other groups that
fueled resistance were shopkeepers, clerks, and
laborers.
These colonists were the driving force behind two
very important resistance groups---The Sons and
Daughters of Liberty.
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The Sons Of Liberty
Carried out their organized resistance by keeping
a watch on shopkeepers suspected of selling
British goods. Threaten tax collectors Parliament
forced to repeal the Stamp Act
However, Parliament passed the Declaratory
Act-which affirmed its rights as the supreme
legislator of the British empire.
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The Daughters of Liberty
Also involved in boycotting British goods.
Gave up on imported clothes, made homespun cloth,
also made tea from local herbs.
One of the most influential members was Mercy
Otis Warren. She published pamphlets supporting
the resistance-however, she had to submit them
under a mans name in order to do so.
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Quartering Act

• 1765
• Required colonists to house and provide
  provisions to British troops

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New York

• NY refused to abide by the Quartering Act
• Legislation was suspended.

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Colonists are not happy

• Petitions were written against the Sugar Act, but
  no major protests
• The Stamp Act upset many colonists because it was
  a direct tax.
• Virginia House of Burgesses said they could only
  be taxed by their own consent

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More trouble

• In Massachusetts colonists were burning effigys
  of tax collectors.
• Destroyed tax collectors properties.
• The protests were led by a group called the Sons
  of Liberty.

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Declaratory Act

• 1766
• Eng. Repealed the Stamp Act
• Passed the Declaratory Act-stated Englands right
  to rule the colonies in any way it saw fit.

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Townshend Acts

• 1767
• Import tax-collected at port
• Lead, tea, paper, glass, paint
• Paid for British troops, royal governors and
  judges.
• Took the power away from colonial assemblies.
• Suspended NY Assembly for failure to comply with
  the act ?

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Boston Massacre

• England sent troops to Boston (to stop any
  rebellion)
• Sons of Liberty openly opposed the Redcoats
• 1770-small, unruly crowd threatened the British
  soldiers
• Throwing snowballs at them

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Contd

• Soldiers opened fire
• 5 colonists laid dead/dying in the snow
• Redcoats arrested and put on trial (9)
• John Adams defended them

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Tea Act

• 1773
• Kept the import tax on tea
• Save the East India Company
• Colonists were upset that England gave this
  company a monopoly on tea
• Sell surplus tea to the colonies

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Tea Party time!!
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The Boston Tea Party

• December 16
• led by Sam Adams
• colonists disguised as Mohawks-boarded the ships
  and threw 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

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Intolerable Acts

• 1774
• A.K.A Coercive Acts
• Targeted Massachusetts
• Port Bill closed Boston Harbor until Boston paid
  for the destroyed tea
• Took away Mass. Colony charter
• Quartering Act required colonists to house
  British soldiers as necessary

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The First Continental Congress
The acts gave the colonies a new reason to
unite. 56 delegates met in Philadelphia in
September 1774.
Petitioned the King for relief from the
Intolerable Acts, and vowed to not trade with
England until the acts were repealed. A
Declaration of Rights and Grievances Minutemen in
New England and militia-formed by planters in the
South showed that the dispute between England and
the colonies would be settled by force.
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Committee Of Correspondence

• Started by Samuel Adams
• Coordinate resistance throughout the colonies