Psychometric intelligence Ian Deary

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Psychometric intelligenceIan Deary
Longview, 26.1.2007
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Psychometric structure of mental ability
differences
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Psychometrics Structure of Human Abilities
Carroll (1993) Human Cognitive Abilities.
Cambridge University Press.
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Deary (2001) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5,
127-130.
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Verbal
6 tests
.96
.88
Scholastic
11 tests
Verbal
.83
Fluency
8 tests
.96
.55
.27
Number
10 tests
.99
.68
Perceptual
g
Content memory
4 tests
.79
.97
Perceptual speed
10 tests
.83
Spatial
14 tests
Image rotation
1
Image rotation
4 tests
Johnson et al. (2005). Intelligence, 33, 393-416.
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(No Transcript)
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Verbal comprehension (.89) Freedom from
distraction (.77) Perceptual organisation
(1.00) (11 subtests)
WAIS
1.00
Spatial (.76) Logical reasoning (.99) Fluency
(.90) Visual memory (.77) Patterns (.44) (17
subtests)
HBRaven
.99
.99
Numerical reasoning (.95) Figural reasoning
(.87) Perceptual fluency (.94) Memory
(.86) Verbal (.95) (15 subtests)
CAB
Johnson et al. (2004) Intelligence, 32, 95-107.
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Stability and change in individual differences in
mental ability test scores
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Scottish Mental Survey 1932 Stability of
intelligence differences over almost 70 years
Age 11 MHT
.66 (.73)
Age 80 MHT
Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (N 485)
.80
.71
Age 11 Stanford-Binet (N 1000)
Age 80 Ravens Matrices (N 541)
MHT Moray House Test
Deary et al. (2004) Journal of Personality
Social Psychology, 86, 130-147.
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Moray House Test at age 11 age 80 Scottish
Mental Survey 1932 Lothian Birth Cohort
Deary et al. (2004) Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 86, 130-147.
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Scottish Mental Survey 1932Lothian Birth Cohort
(N 481) R2 change
Childhood IQ (age 11 MHT)
.430
Old Age IQ (age 79 MHT)
.015
Education
Occupational Social class
.003 (ns)
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Scottish Mental Survey 1932Lothian Birth Cohort
(N 486) R2 change
Childhood IQ (age 11 MHT)
.450
NART (age 79)
.060
Education
Occupational Social class
.023
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Lothian Birth Cohort 1921Greater physical
fitness and better cognitive ageing
Lung FEV1
Physical fitness
.17
Grip strength
6m walk time
Moray House Test IQ at age 79
MHT IQ age 11
.59
Sex
.08
.10
Adult social class
.08
APOE e4 status
Adjusted for sex and height Scores on FUPC from
PCA of 3 fitness measures Numbers are
standardised beta weights
Deary et al. (in press) Neurology.
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Predicted paths of global Cognitive decline
Died
Survived
Wilson et al. (2003) Neurology, 60, 1782-1787
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Seattle Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional changes
Longitudinal changes
Hedden Gabrieli (2004) Nature Reviews
Neuroscience, 5, 87-96.
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Seattle Longitudinal StudyComparing
cross-sectional and 7-year longitudinal effects
Salthouse (2005) Intelligence, 33, 551-554.
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Seattle Longitudinal StudyFlynn effect
Salthouse (2005) Intelligence, 33, 551-554.
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Predictive validity of mental test scores
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Deary et al. (2007) Intelligence, 35, 13-21.
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Childhood IQ and mid-life status attainment
IQ age 11
.43
.24
Own social class
.12
.20
.80
.39
.24
.33
Education
1st class
Non-deprivation
.53
.33
.29
.33
Car driver
.22
Fathers class
Deary et al. (2005) Intelligence, 33, 455-472.
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Intelligence and all-cause mortalityScottish
Mental Survey 1932 Aberdeen
Whalley Deary (2001) British Medical Journal,
322, 819-822.
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Intelligence and all-cause mortalityScottish
Mental Survey 1932 Aberdeen
Whalley Deary (2001) British Medical Journal,
322, 819-822.
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IQ all-cause mortality in West of
ScotlandLinking Scottish Mental Survey 1932 with
Midspan
Sex
-.13
.16
AO-DSR .007 Chi square 1.4 (d.f. 2, p
.50) Bentler-Bonett (normed non-normed)
comparative fit indices .99, 1.0, 1.0,
respectively.
-.24
Social Class 1970s
-.39
Age 11 IQ score 1932
Death To 2002
-.11
.25
-.18
.09
Deprivation Category 1970s
Hart et al. (2003) Psychosomatic Medicine, 65,
877-883.
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Linear effect? 49,000 Swedish conscripts born
1949-50
Hemmingsson et al. (in press). International
Journal of Epidemiology.
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Environmental and genetic contributions to
individual differences in mental ability
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Review of the world literature on IQ correlations
between relatives with different degrees of
genetic and family rearing overlap
Bouchard McGue (1981) Science, 212, 1055-1059.
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Review of the world literature on IQ correlations
between relatives with different degrees of
genetic and family rearing overlap
Pairing No. of rs No. of pairings Weighted mean r
MZ (t) 34 4672 .86
MZ (a) 3 65 .72
Midparent-midoffspring (t) 3 410 .72
Midparent-offspring (t) 8 992 .50
DZ (t) 41 5546 .60
Siblings (t) 69 26473 .47
Siblings (a) 2 203 .24
Single parent-offspring (t) 32 8433 .42
Single parent-offspring (a) 4 814 .22
Half siblings 2 200 .31
Cousins 4 1176 .15
Non-biological sibling pairs (adopt-natural) 5 345 .29
Non-biological sibling pairs (adopt-adopt) 6 369 .34
Adopting midparent-offspring 6 758 .24
Adopting parent-offspring 6 1397 .19
Assortative mating 16 3817 .33
Bouchard McGue (1981) Science, 212, 1055-1059.
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Posthuma et al. (in press).
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Scottish Mental Survey 1932 Lothian Birth Cohort
1921 APOE e4 status and cognitive ageing
Deary et al. (2002) Nature, 418, 932.
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General and specific genetic and environmental
effectsSwedish OctoTwin project
the same genetic influences were operating
across different specific cognitive abilities
(p. 187)
Petrill et al. (1998) Psychological Science, 9,
183-189.
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Proportion of total Full-Scale IQ variance
accounted for by A, C, and E plotted as a
function of observed socioeconomic status
(SES).Shading indicates 95 confidence intervals.
Turkheimer et al. (2003) Psychological Science,
14, 623-628.
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Posthuma et al. (in press).
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Maternal smoking ability in NLSY1979
Batty et al. (2006) Pediatrics, 118, 943-950.
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Biological bases of mental ability differences
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Estimating brain size using MRI images
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Brain size general specific cognitive
abilities
Hippocampus
NART (verbal)
Frontal lobes
.73
.57
.64
Digit Symbol
Brain Size
Temporal lobes
.70
.74
AVLT (memory)
.49
.42
BentonVRT
.74
g
.48
Logical Memory
.79
Visual Reprod.
N 97 Healthy older men
.83
Raven Matrices
.45
Verbal Fluency
MacLullich et al. (2002) Neurology, 59, 169-174.
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Brain volume intelligence meta-analysis
No. studies Sample size Mean r r corrected for range restriction
All 37 1530 .29 .33
Female adult 8 327 .38 .41
Female children 4 111 .30 .37
Male adult 11 470 .34 .38
Male children 6 181 .21 .22
McDaniel (2005). Intelligence, 33, 337-346.
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Genetic influences on brain structure
Thompson et al. (2001) Nature Neuroscience,
4, 1253 - 1258.
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Correlations ( P lt 0.0001, N 48, df 41)
between regional gray matter and the two highest
g-loaded subtests, vocabulary and block design.
Color bar shows t values maximum r 0.58 and
0.57.
Colom et al. (2006) NeuroImage, 31, 1359-1365.
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Group differences are represented by t-statistics
(t gt 2.6), and show that the superior
intelligence group has a thinner superior
prefrontal cortex at the earliest age (purple
regions). There is then a rapid increase in
cortical thickness (red, green and yellow
regions) in the superior intelligence group,
peaking at age 13 and waning in late adolescence.
Shaw et al. (2006) Nature, 440, 676-679.
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A neural basis for general intelligence
Duncan et al. (2000). Science, 289, 457.
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Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence

• Regions where gF predicted lure-trial neural
  activity, using a priori (red) whole-brain
  (yellow) search criteria
• neural activity in lateral PFC mediated the
  relation between ability (gF) and performance on
  a demanding working memory task
• the first direct support for a major hypothesis
  about the neurobiological basis of gF

Gray et al. (2003) Nature Neuroscience, 6,
316-322..