Counselling Psychology

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Counselling Psychology
WWW.PACARRAS.DEMON.CO.UK
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Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936

• Planned to be a priest
• Attended theological seminary
• Read Darwin and chose science
• Doctorate in physiology 1879
• Researched digestion, salivation, circulation and
  autonomic nervous system

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Not exactly dogs best friend..
...when they reach a certain point, the dog
starts whimpering and wriggling, and bites
through the tubes on the collection device...
...whenever we take them to the experimental
room,they start to bark violently, contrary to
their usual custom. I believe that we are
inducing symptoms of acute neurosis. It takes a
long recovery period before they are able to
return.
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How much is that doggy in the window?

• Can external stimuli affect digestion?
• Rang a bell when he gave experimental dogs food
• Before, they only salivated when they saw and ate
  their food
• After association, would to salivate when the
  bell rang, even if no food were present.
• Called this a conditioned reflex (as opposed to
  innate reflex).
• Classical conditing

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John B. Watson (1878-1958)

• Son of a ne'er-do-well father, and a devoutly
  religious mother
• Grew up in poverty in rural south Carolina
• Furman Uni - MA in Psychology
• 1900 Chicago Uni - Functionalism
• How does X function? What is the function of X?
  And of what is X a function?
• Focus on process, on use / value, and on
  dependent relations to antecedent conditions

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A way with women and children...
"Little Albert" study - he produced, in a small
child, conditioned fear of a white rat by
repeatedly presenting it paired with the loud
"clanging" of a metal bar. This conditioned fear
was then shown to generalise to other white
furry objects, including a Santa mask and
Watson's own white hair (Watson Rayner, 1920)
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Behaviourism

• Watson emphasised external and peripheral factors
  at the expense of internal and central ones
• His goals were those of experimental control and
  engineering
• Introspection was to be abandoned in favour of
  the study of behaviour
• The concept of "consciousness" was to be rejected
• No sharp distinction between human and animal
  behaviour
• Goal was to develop principles by which behaviour
  could be predicted and controlled

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Submit to social control..
.defining personality in terms of the total mass
of organised habits, instincts, emotions, their
combinations, plasticity (capability of new
habit formation or altering of old habits), and
retention (readiness of established habits to
function after disuse), Watson argues that
healthy personality consists of clean-cut and
definite habit systems, and instincts and
emotions that have yielded to social control.
Psychopathology, on the other hand, is habit
distortion-failure to eliminate old, unworkable
habits and the emotions connected with them as
situations change. The proof of this, for
Watson, lies in the possibility of "cure."
Through re-training, "the individual is made
over from a reaction standpoint and takes his
normal place in society.
http//www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Psych/rwozniak/watso
n.html
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I prefer to keep the term "emotion" in objective
psychology. I, however, throw away all of the
conscious implications. To me an emotion is a
bodily state which can be observed in man and
animal equally well, such as the bristling of
hair, shedding of tears, increase or decrease in
respiration, sighing, heightened muscular
activity, and the like. Some day we shall be
able to mark off these objective states and
classify them with respect to the types of
stimuli which call them out (sex, food, shelter,
noxious odours, etc.).
http//psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/mental.htm Jo
hn Watson, unpublished lecuture 1916
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Watson was eventually forced to resign his chair
at Hopkins because of a sex scandal involving
his assistant, Rayner. He continued to publish
books on psychology--Behaviourism (1924) and The
Psychological Care of Infant and Child
(1928)--but by the 1930s his main career
interest had shifted to the advertising
business, and he ended his scholarly pursuits.
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Burrhus F Skinner 1904 - 1990

• Started career as a writer and Greenwich village
  bohemian
• Doctorate in psychology from Harvard in 1931
• Key idea Operant Conditioning
• A behaviour followed by a reinforcing stimulus
  results in an increased probability of that
  behavior occurring in the future
• A behaviour no longer followed by the reinforcing
  stimulus results in a decreased probability of
  that behaviour occurring in the future

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Child rearing
Mr. Mrs Skinner view daughter Debbie in a
Skinner Box
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Beyond Freedom and Dignity. In this book, he
made strong arguments for changes in our social
system, suggesting that the very survival of our
society may depend on the adoption of behaviour
modification approach.
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Albert Bandura 1925

• Born in Alberta Canada
• PhD at Iowa Uni 1952
• Strongly influenced by behaviourism
• Bobo Doll experiments
• Social learning!

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Albert Bandura 1925