The Zones of a city

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The Zones of a city
In order for geographers to study the cities they
needed to classify certain areas. They did this
by looking at common characteristics. The study
of how cities formed is called Urban Morphology.
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CBD
This is the zone often termed the city centre.
It is at the core of most towns and cities. CBD
stands for central business district.
The function of many CBDs has changed over the
years. The original function of a CBD was usually
for trade and many towns were originally market
places. As you may have seen last week many towns
and cities then changed to industrial functions,
some of which occurred in and around the CBD. In
more Recent times CBDs have the function of
Offices, Retail and Tourism.
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The function of many CBDs has changed over the
years. The original function of a CBD was usually
for trade and many towns were originally market
places. As you may have seen last week many towns
and cities then changed to industrial functions,
some of which occurred in and around the CBD. In
more Recent times CBDs have the function of
Offices, Retail and Tourism. Manchester was
originally a small market town which grew to a
large industrial town and now its CBD consists of
largely shops and offices.
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Characteristics A CBD will usually contain many
common features. These include a high building
density. This means that the buildings are
tightly packed and close together. The area will
look very built up. In addition to this the land
is very expensive so you will see that in many
CBDs the building height is higher than
elsewhere. This is obvious from the skyline of
most cities. The rent values and lack of space
force developers to build upwards.
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CBDs usually contain the main transport inter
changes. This means that the main bus and train
stations are located in the CBD. A CBD will
usually contain an inner ring road which
surrounds it. All the Main A roads in the area
will feed into this and you can often see this
from photographs, maps and aerial pictures The
CBD has certain land uses and these will make
sudden changes as you pass into the second zone
further away.
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CBDs also contain the highest pedestrian flow.
This means that the number of pedestrians walking
around is greater than anywhere else in the
CBD. Traffic can often see the reverse as many
CBDs have experienced pedestrianised zones which
dont allow any traffic. The area with the
highest land value in the CBD is called the
P.L.V.I. - PEAK LAND VALUE INTERSECT In London
this is probably along Oxford street
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A CBD can often be split up into different
zones. You can find similar functions in certain
areas. For example Banks often cluster
together. Major retail units occupy areas close
by each other. There are often historic zones,
areas which have buildings of a greater age e.g.
Library, Museums, Town Hall. Entertainment such
as Restaurants, cinemas, theatres are also often
close to each other.
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Evidence from photos
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Evidence from maps
Using google earth / google local Type in the
postcode M1 This is the city centre of
Manchester one of the UKs finest cities. Look
at the satellite image and slowly zoom in. What
evidence can we find to suggest this is a city
centre?
http//local.google.com/
Look at this map, see what evidence you can
identify to show it is a CBD
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Look at this map, it is the same CBD - see what
evidence you can identify to prove this
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This is the same area as on the previous map.
Notice the MEN arena and Arndale shopping centre.
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Manchester has different zones within its CBD.
Here are some of the examples of the historic
zone which contains some of the oldest and
beautiful buildings including the library, and
town hall.
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The central Library in Manchester. You may be
able to notice this if you click back to the
Google aerial photo.
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The new architecture. CBDs are full of modern
unique architecture. This is the famous Beetham
Tower currently Europe's largest residential
Block. Wayne Rooney and Gary Neville Have flats
here. This is comprised of a Hilton Hotel,
offices and flats. The architect saved the top
floor for himself with a complete Olive tree
garden!!
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URBIS A 21st century museum built to show
contemporary exhibitions. You are unlikely to
find architecture like this outside a CBD.
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Most CBDs have undergone some regeneration.
Manchester has had to respond after the IRA bomb
and the growth of the Trafford Centre a huge
out of town retail centre like Bluewater.
The Printworks, Triangle and Manchester Eye are
just some of the ways the Modern areas of the CBD
are Developing.
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Retail areas of the Manchester. To the left is St
Anns square a pedestrainised area. The historic
buildings have been converted into shops and
offices
To the right is New Cathedral street a modern
pedestrianised area built after the IRA explosion
in 1996. It is home to shops such as Selfridges
and Harvey Nicholls.
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Inner City
the older part of a city, often characterized by
crowded, run-down, low-income neighbourhoods and
ghettos.
The inner city is the nearest zone to the CBD. It
is an area that has seen a great deal of change.
Traditionally it appears to form a ring like
collar around the CBD.
We will look at three 3 main periods of growth
and change in the inner city.
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PHASE 1 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH The Inner cities
first formed during the industrial revolution.
Just outside the market areas. Factories were
erected and alongside in came housing. The aim
was to house people in great numbers close to
work as there was no transport.
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From an OS map or aerial photograph you can often
identify an inner city because of its narrow
streets and grid like formation. At the time the
houses did no cater fro gardens, garages and
driveways. Population density was high.
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Look at the street patterns of Manchester on this
map. Moss Side is an inner city area that saw
huge industrial growth many years ago.
LINK TO AERIAL PHOTO
Notice the classic grid shape housing. Many inner
cities also house old football stadiums close by
to the working class populations. Maine road of
MCFC was once here.
http//local.google.com/maps?fqhlenqm14ieUT
F8z14ll53.44988,-2.228422spn0.02387,0.086002
tkom1
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Doorsteps straight onto street
Chimneys for fire No central heating!
High density packed together
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Some of the back yards were used as either coal
sheds or later as outside toilets as sanitation
improved. This is often a key sign of an older
terraces. Many of the original terraces were
replaced in the inter war period under the Homes
for Heroes campaign to improve housing. This is
often called the SLUM CLEARANCE
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More Housing Images
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PHASE 2 HIGH RISE DEVELOPMENT During the 1960s
70s, it became apparent that many homes in the
inner city were extremely poor. The government
issued a new 2nd SLUM CLEARANCE. They needed an
idea to provide homes for large numbers of people
and they wanted to do it cheaply.
Architects designed what were labelled palaces
in the sky. This may seem unbelievable today.
They were High rise flats. Do not confuse modern
high rise flats with these. E.g. Danebury Ave is
classic 60s High rise flats but Putney Wharf is
Modern!!!
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The flats proved to generally be a nightmare to
live in. They were poorly built and regularly
suffered from damp. Residents reported wet mould
that could be scooped off the walls like thick
green soup during winter. The inner cities had
previously held a strong community spirit. The
flats changed this. The previous terrace housing
favoured lots of contact and communication
between neighbours.
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The new flats meant that people took less pride
in the land that was built around them. No-one
cared for it as before. People became less
involved and an antisocial feeling bred. Many of
the flats seemed to encourage crime as many had
lifts and alley ways easy for muggers to pounce.
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Litter and graffiti became more common and there
was a decline in the environmental quality known
as environmental degradation. This wasnt helped
by the fact that at this time manufacturing jobs
started to plummet which had been the main source
of income for many inner city residents This led
to a spiral of decline and saw the inner cities
of Britain become the worst places to live in the
country.
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PHASE 3 Inner cities start to regenerate! By the
1980s it was clear that the inner cities were in
a bad way. The areas had been labelled as having
severe urban deprivation. The people living there
had an inferior quality of life. Governments
decided to regenerate these areas by providing
jobs and new housing to the areas. Many of the
flats were demolished or renovated. The
government issued money to various areas e.g.
London docklands and set up corporations to
manage these projects. Hulme in Manchester was an
inner city area that won money under a city
challenge scheme to regenerate it.
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The Deck Access Flats in Hulme are a good
example of regeneration. They were based on
Georgian crescents of Bath but soon became one of
the most notorious places to live in Manchester.
They were knocked down in 1990. The flats were
mostly council homes and rented out to Hulmes
residents.
Between 1981 and 1991 48 of Hulmes population
left and moved away. When the homes were knocked
down not all the residents were housed in Hulme,
some were moved further out to the edge of
Manchester.
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This is another image of the Deck Access. The
idea was to remove the use of streets and
walkways. Citizens could move between flats in a
series of concrete paths.
As a result the walkways became areas of crime.
It was easy for criminals to move between flats
and hard for police to catch them.
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Private investment saw the creation of new modern
flats and townhouses. These were aimed at the
more affluent market. These are owner occupied
homes and were more expensive.
The population of Hulme increased by 36 between
1991 and 2001. For the first time in decades
people were moving back to the inner city. This
created a mix of more and less affluent people.
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Council homes were rebuilt but they returned to
their roots. New homes were terraces once again
bringing back a community feeling to the areas.
Notice that the houses are provided with gardens
and more money has been spent on building
materials.
New employment opportunities developed for more
skilled professionals in the Science park and low
skilled workers in the new superstores.