OISG

1
?OI??S??????G??
S???? ???????O? ????????O? ?????????GO? ?????S
G?O??G??O? ???S???O? ??G?S????? ????????G??S
???????G??S ?????S??????G??S
G?????S ??????S

• ???S??S?? ?????S???-??F????????
• ??. ?a????t??a

2
G?????S ??????S

• ???tasµa ??????µ??? s?µf????sa s?????t??s?
  µeta?????? ????t??, ß??µ??a????? ????t?? ?
  ß??µ??a????? pet??µ?t??.
•  
• ?µf???s? ?? ??????µ??? s?µf????sa s?????t??s?
  µeta?????? ????t??, ß??µ??a????? ????t?? ?
  ß??µ??a????? pet??µ?t??.
•  
• ?at?te?? ???? e?µeta??e?s?µ?t?ta? ? ?at?te??
  pe??e?t???t?ta se ??p??? ???s?µ? st???e?? ?
  ????t?, p???e?µ???? ?a e??a? d??at? ?
  e?µet???e?s? µ?a? µeta???f???a?.?? ?at?te?? ????
  e?µeta??e?s?µ?t?ta? p?????e?.
• ?ts?, sta te??st?a p??f???t??? ???t?sµata Cu ?
  0,5,
• e?? sta f?eß??? ???t?sµata Cu ? 1,5 - 2,5
• S??te?est?? eµp???t?sµ?? ? s??te?est??
  eµp???t?sµ?? e??a? t? p?????? t?? µ?s?? t?µ?? t??
  ?at?te??? ????? e?µeta??e?s?µ?t?ta? (a?? t??
  ??sµ?) p??? t? µ?s? s?stas? t?? s???e???µ????
  st???e??? st?? ste?e? f???? t?? ???. ?ts?,
  ded?µ???? ?t? t? µ?s? ?at?te?? ????
  e?µeta??e?s?µ?t?ta? ??a t? ?a???, p.?. e??a?
  0,4, e?? ? µ?s? s?stas? t?? ste?e?? f?????, se
  Cu, e??a? 0,005 s?µpe?a??eta? ?t?, ? s??te?est??
  eµp???t?sµ?? e??a? 0,4 / 0,005 80.
• ?et???e?µa ???µ????µe µet???e?µa, ta ???s?µa,
  p??? e?µet???e?s?, µeta????? ????t?.

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G?????S ??????S
S??d??µa ????t? ? ste??a ?a ?p????pa ????t?, p??
s???de???? t? µet???e?µa ?a? s??????, de? ta
e?µeta??e??µaste, ta ???µ????µe ste??a ? s??d??µa
????t?.   ?p?p?????ta ???sµ??e? f????,
e?t??t???, a???p????µe ?a? ??p??a s??d??µa
????t?, ded?µ???? t?? e?µet???e?s?? t?? ??????
????t??. ?? de? e?µeta??e??µasta? ta ????a ????t?
de? ?a ?ta? ??a??, ap? µ??a t???, ta s??d??µa
????t? ?a ?d???s??? se e?µet???e?s?. ?ts?, sta
???t?sµata ???s?? t?? ?.?f????? pa?????µe ??
?p?p????? ???????. ?? de? ?p???e ? ?u, t?te ?a
?ta? as?µf??? ?a ?????µe e?µet???e?s? µ??? ??a t?
???????.   ???µ??a???? ????t? ?a µ? µeta?????
????t?, d??. ta pet???e?et??? ????t?, ?p?? ?
ßa??t??, ? ?a?a??a?, ? f????t??, ?.?.p., ta
?p??a ????? ß??µ??a???? ???s?.   ???µ??a????
pet??µata ?? ??? t? p?t??µa ?a? ??? ??p??a µ???
????t??????? s?stat??? t??, e??a? ?p?
e?µet???e?s?, p.?. t? µ??µa??, ? sµ???da, ?
µpe?t???t??, ?.?.p., t?te ?µ????µe ??a
ß??µ??a???? p?t??µa.
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????G????S ??? ????????????? ????????S? ???S
?????S????S

• ? pe??e?t???t?t? t?? se ???s?µa ????t?.
• ?a ap???µat? t??.
• ?a ap???µata d?a??????ta? se
• ß?ßa?a
• p??a??
• d??at?
• ? ????t??????? t?? s?stas?, ? ?st??, ? ?f?, ta
  s??d??µa ????t? ?a? ta ?p?p?????ta.
• ? d??at?t?ta ap??????, ? ?p??a e?a?t?ta? ap?
• t? ?e???af??? ??s?
• t?? ?d?????????-???µat???????? s?????e?
• ta ???a ?p?d?µ??, p?? p??apa?t???ta?
• t?? t??p? e???????

5) ?? ??st?? µetaf???? 6) ? t?µ? t??
µeta??e?µat??.   7) ? apa?a?t?t? te???????a ??a
e?????? - eµp???t?sµ?.   8) ?a pe??ßa????t???
p??ß??µata p?? d?µ????????ta?.   9) ???f????
p???t???? ?????.   10) ?a Cartels.   11) ?
d??at?t?ta a?a?????s??.
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???F???G????-G???????? ????? ?O? ?????S???O?
1.1 F?eß??? ???t?sµata (vein type deposits)
?a f?eß??? ???t?sµata ????? t? µ??f? f??ßa?.
?????, d??ad?, µe???? a??pt??? p??? µ?a
?ate????s? ?a? µ???? p??? t?? ???e? d??. Se ???e
f??ßa d?a??????µe t?? ????a, t? d?e????s? ?a? t??
???s? t?? f??ßa? (s?. 1).
S?. 1 ?p?µ???? t?µ? µeta???f???? f??ßa? DB ?a?
?? ß??s???ta? st? ?d?? ??????t?? ep?ped?. ??
e??a? ???et?? st? d?e????s? (DB) t?? f??ßa?. ?
????a p?? s??µat??e? ? ?? µe t?? ????a C, t??
f??ßa?, ???µ??eta? ???s? t?? f??ßa?.
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1.1 F?eß??? ???t?sµata
????a? t?? f??ßa? ???µ??eta? ? ep?µ????
d?e????s? t?? f??ßa?. ?? tµ?s??µe t? f??ßa µe ??a
??????t?? ep?ped?, t?te, s??µat??eta? µ?a
???e???. ? µe?a??te?? d??µet??? t?? ???e????
???µ??eta? d?e????s? t?? f??ßa?. ???s? t?? f??ßa?
???µ??eta? ? ????a p?? s??µat??e? ? ???et?? p???
t? d?e????s? µe t?? ????a t?? f??ßa?. ?? f??ße?
µp??e? ?a e??a? ?ata????fe? (s?.2a), ?e???µ??e?
(s?. 2ß) ? ??????t?e? (s?. 2.?). ?? e??a?
pa??????e? p??? t?? st??s? t?? pe??ßa????t??
pet??µ?t??, t?te ???µ????ta? pa?e?sa?te? ???te? ?
sills.
Se ???e f??ßa d?a??????µe t?? ???f? ?
?pe??e?µe??, t? d?ped? ? ?p??e?µe?? ?a? t??
pa?e??? (p?a???) t?? f??ßa?.
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1.1 F?eß??? ???t?sµata
?a f?eß??? ???t?sµata p????pt??? ap? t?? ap??es?
??????, ?d???e?µ???? p????e?s??, se ???µ??
pet??µ?t??. ?p?µ????, e??a? ep??e?et???? ?? p???
ta pet??µata p?? d?as??????. ?? ? f??ßa d?as???e?
p.?. asßest??????? e??a? ep??e?et???, ?? p???
a?t???. ??t? s?µa??e? ?t?, p??ta d?µ?????????a?
?? asßest?????? ?a? p??? a???te?a ???a? ta
?d???e?µ??? d?a??µata ?a? ap??esa? ta s?stat???
t??? se µe???e? ???µ?? t?? asßest??????. ?? ?
f??ßa t?µ?e? t? st??s? t?? asßest??????, t?te
??µe ?t? e??a? ?a? as?µf???, e?? a? de? t??
t?µ?e?, a??? e??a? pa??????? p??? t? st??s?,
t?te, ?p?? e?paµe ?a? p?? p???, ???eta? sill.
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1.2 ???t?sµata d??spa?t?? t?p?? (disseminated
ores)
Sta ???t?sµata d??spa?t?? t?p?? ? µeta???f???a
eµfa???eta? ?? µeta?????? ??????, d??spa?t?? st?
p?t??µa (s?. 3a). ?????pt??? ap? t?? p????s?
?e??? p???? t?? pet??µat??, ap? µeta????? ????t?,
ta ?p??a µet?fe?a? ?d???e?µ??? d?a??µata.
S?. 3 a µeta???f???a d??spa?t?? t?p??
1.3 ???t?sµata t?p?? stockworks
Sta ???t?sµata t?p?? stockworks ta µeta?????
s?stat??? p?????? µ????f?eß?d?a, at??t??
p??sa?at???sµ??a (s?. 3ß). ???t?sµata d??spa?t??
t?p?? ?a? stockworks e??a? s????? se
?p??fa?ste?a???? p??f??e?. ??t??a e??a? ta
p??f???t??? ???t?sµata Cu ?a? Mo. ? µeta???f???a
d?µ?????????e ap? ?d???e?µ??? d?a??µata, ta ?p??a
a????a?, ap? ?p??e?µe?? µa?µat??? est?a, ?a?
ap??esa? t? ????? t??? st??? p????? ?a?
µ????f?eß?d?a t?? ?p??fa?ste?a??? p??f???. St??
???ad??? ???? p??f???t??? ???t?sµata Cu
ß??s???ta? st?? S??????? t?? ?a???d????.
S?. 3 ß µeta???f???a t?p?? stockwork.
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1.4. St??µat?e?d? ???t?sµata (stratiform type
deposits)
?a st??µat?e?d? ???t?sµata apa?t??? ?p? µ??f?
e?tetaµ???? st??se??, ?? ?p??e? ????? µe????
µ???? ?a? p??t?? ?a? µ???? p????. ?a pet??µata
p?? ta pe??ß?????? e??a? e?te ???µat??e?? (?p??
p.?. ?? st??µat?e?de?? s?d??????? s??µat?sµ?? ?
B.I.F., ta ???t?sµata Cu t?? ??µp?a, ?.?.p.),
e?te p???t???a µa?µat??e?? pet??µata (?p?? p.?.
? ???µ?t?? stratiform t?p??, st? Bushveld t??
?.?f?????). ?a st??µat?e?d? ???t?sµata e??a?
s???e?et??? p??? ta pet??µata (???µata ?
p???t???a pet??µata) p?? ta pe??ß??????,
?e??????a? d??. µa?? (µe t?? ?d?e? d?ad??as?e?)
µe ta pet??µata p?? ta pe??ß??????. ?ts?, st??
pe??pt?s? p.?. t?? ???tasµ?t?? s?d????, t?p??
B.I.F. (banded iron formations) (s?. 4a), ta
?p??a ap?te????ta? ap? st??se?? µe ????t? t?? Fe
(s????e? st??se??) ?a? ap? st??se?? µe ?a?a??a
(a????t????µe? st??se??) ?a? ta ????t? t??
s?d???? ?a? ? ?a?a??a? ap?t????a? ?? ???µa.
S?. 4 a St??µat?e?d? ???t?sµata s?d????
(B.I.F.). ?a?at?????ta? d?ad?????? e?st??se??
?a?a??a (?e????) ?a? Fe/??e?d??? (µa??e?).
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1.4. St??µat?e?d? ???t?sµata
St?? pe??pt?s? t?? ???tasµ?t?? ???µ?t?
st??µat?e?d??? t?p?? (?p?? e??a? ta µe?a??te?a
???t?sµata ???µ?t? st?? ??sµ?, st? Bushveld t??
?.?f?????), st? ???tasµa apa?t??? st??se??
???µ?t?, µ????? ?a? p??t??? p????? Km ?a? µ?????
p????? (µe???? de?at?µet?a ??? µ?t?a), ?? ?p??e?
a?????d?ad????ta? st??se?? p????e??t?? ?a?
??ßß??? (s?. 4ß). ?? st??se?? t?? ???µ?t? ?a? ??
st??se?? t?? p????e??t?? ?a? t?? ??ßß??? p?????a?
ap? t?? ??asµat??? ???st????s? µ??µat?? ßas????
s?stas??.
S?. 4 ß St??µat?e?d? ???t?sµata ???µ?t?
(???tasµa Bushveld). ?a?at?????ta? e?st??se??
???µ?t? (µa??e?) a??µesa se p????e??t???? ?a?
?aßß????? e?st??se??.
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G?O????????? ???????????? ??? ?????S????G???S?
?a ???t?sµata ?e????ta? se s???e???µ??a
?e?te?t????? pe??ß?????ta, ?p?? e??a? ??
µes???e???e? ???e?? (s?. 5?1) ?a? ?? pe??????a???
???asse? 5?2, ta e?e??? ?pe???t??? pe??????a (s?.
5?) ?a? ta ??s??t??a t??a (s?. 5G) ?p?? ?a? ??
??se?? Te?µ?? ????de? ? Hot spot (s?. 5?) ?a?,
t????, ta se a?e?e??? ?pe???t??? pe??????a (s?.
5?).
S?. 5 Ge?te?t????? pe??ß?????ta ?1)
?es???e???e? ???e?? (mid ocean ridges) Murphy and
Nance, 1999. ?2) ?e??????a??? ???asse? (back arc
basins). ?) ??e??? ?pe???t??? pe??????? (active
continental margin). G) ??s??t??? t??? (island
arc). ?) Te?µ? ????da (Hot spot) ?) ??e?e???
?pe???t??? pe??????? (inactive continental
margin).
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?) T?se?? µes???e????? ???e?? ?a? pe??????a???
?a?ass??.
St?? ??se?? a?t?? d?µ?????e?ta? ??a ??e???a
????sfa??a (s?. 6). ?? ?????µe µ?a ?e?t??s? st??
?t?a?t???, ???????? ?.?.p., e?t?? ap? ta ???µata,
(s?. 6.1) ?a s??a?t?s??µe t?? a??????? se???
pet??µ?t??, t? s????? t?? ?p???? s???st??? t??
??e???a ????sfa??a - ?as??te?, ?p? µ??f?
pillow ?aß?? ?a? s?µpa?e?? (s?. 6.2). - ??aß?se?
p?? s??µat????? ??a s?µp?e?µa f?eß?? (sheeted
complex), (s?. 6.3). - G?ßß???? ?µ??o?e?e??
(?s?t??p???) (s?. 6.4). - G?ßß???? s??e?t?????
(s?. 6.5). - ?e??d?t?te? s??e?t????? (s?.
6.6). - ?e??d?t?te? p?? eµfa?????? f????s?
(µetaµ??f?µ????? pe??d?t?te? ? te?t???te?), (s?.
6.7).
S?. 6 O?e???a ????sfa??a. ?p? p??? p??? ta ??t?
s??a?t??µe ???µata (1), ßas??te? (2), d?aß?se?
(3), ??ßß???? ?s?t??p??? (4) ?a? s??e?t?????
(5) ?a? pe??d?t?te? s??e?t????? (6) ?a?
µetaµ??f?µ????? (7).
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?) T?se?? µes???ea?e??? ???e?? ?a? pe??????a???
?a?ass??.
St?? ??se?? s?????s?? (subduction zones) ta
tµ?µata t?? ??e??e?a? ????sfa??a?, ta ?p??a ?a
ep??????? st?? ?pe?????, e? a?t?a? t?? s?????s??
t?? ????sfa?????? p?a???, ?a ap?te??s??? t???
?F????T??S, ??????? ?????. ??t??? ?f????????
s?µp?e?µa e??a? e?e??? t?? ??p??? (s?. 7).
S?. 7 ?f???????? s?µp?e?µa t?? ??p???. ?p? p???
p??? ta ??t? s??a?t??µe pillow ßas??te?,
d?aß?se?, ??ßß????, pe??d?t?te?.
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?) T?se?? µes???ea?e??? ???e?? ?a? pe??????a???
?a?ass??.
St??? ?f???????? apa?t??? ?? ??t??? t?p??
???tasµ?t?? 1) St??? µetaµ??f?µe????
pe??d?t?te? (te?t???te?) ?a? st??? s??e?t?????
pe??d?t?te? apa?t??? p??t??e?? ???t?sµata ???µ?t?
?a? p?at???e?d?? (P.G.E.). ?p? t? ?ate??t??s? t??
pe??d?t?t?? p???????ta? ta ?ate??t??? Fe,Ni/???a
???t?sµata (????µ?a, ??ß??a, ?ast????,
??ßa??a). ?at? t? se?pe?t????s? t?? pe??d?t?t??
d?µ????????ta? ???t?sµata ???s?t?????? aµ?a?t??
(??????), ?e???????? (??ß??a, ?a???d???), t????,
?.?.p. 2) St??? G??????S apa?t??? ???t?sµata
µa???t?t? (Fe3O4), ??µe??t? (Fe TiO3),
p?at???e?d??, s???f?d??? t?? Ni ?a? Co. 3) ??sa
st??? ??S????S apa?t? µeta???f???a Cu, Fe,
Mn??u. ???? ap? t??? ßas??te?, µa?? µe ta
???µata, apa?t??? Fe,Mn/????? ???d????, p???s???
se Ni ?a? Co. ?p? t? ?ate??t??s? ??ßß???,
d?aßas?? ?a? ßasa?t??, p????pt??? ?O????S.
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?) T?se?? s?????s?? ??e??e?a? ????sfa??a? µe
?pe???t??? ? µe ???? ??e??e?a ????sfa??a (s?. 8).
St?? ??se?? a?t?? (p?? ???µ????ta? e?e???
?pe???t??? pe??????a ?a? ??s??t??a t??a,
a?t?st???a), ?e????ta? asßesta??a???? µ??µata,
ap? t?? ????a ???st????s? t?? ?p???? p????pt???
??a??te?-??a??d????te?-d????te? ?a? ta a?t?st???a
?fa?ste?a?? t??? pet??µata (???????? - da??te? -
a?des?te?). ?et? t?? ???st????s? t?? µe?a??te???
tµ?µat?? t?? µ??µat??, ?e????? p?? ??e? ??
ap?t??esµa t? d?µ??????a ??a??t?? ?.?.p., t?
µ??µa eµp???t??eta? se SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O
?a? d??f??a st???e?a ?p?? Li, U, Be, REE ?.?.p.
?? µ??µa a?t? e??a? p??? ?ept??e?st?, µe
ap?t??esµa ?a d?e?sd?e? se ???µ?? t?? ??a??t? ?a?
t?? pe??ßa????t?? pet??µ?t?? ?p?? ?a?
???sta????eta?.
S?. 8 T?s? s?????s?? ??e??e?a? ????sfa??a? µe
?pe???t??? (e?e??? ?pe???t??? pe???????) ?a?
s??a???????? µa?µat?sµ??.
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?p? t?? ???st????s? p????pt??? pet??µata p???s?a
se ?a?a??a, ?, Na/?????? ?st????? ?a? µa?µa????e?
p?? ???µ????ta? p??µat?te? a? t? µ??e??? t??
???st????? t??? e??a? gt2mm (???sµ??e? f????
?pe?ßa??e? t? µ?t??) ? ap??te?, a? t? µ??e??? t??
???st????? e??a? µ????te?? t?? 2mm. ?? p??µat?te?
????? µe???? ??????µ??? e?d?af????, ded?µ???? ?t?
p??? s???? pe??????? U, Li, Be ?a? ???a sp???a
st???e?a (Rare earth elements ? R.E.E.). ?????
?µ?? ?a? ?d?a?te?? e?d?af???? e? a?t?a? t??
ast???? ?a? t?? ?a?a??a p?? pe???????, ded?µ????
?t? ?? ?st???? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st?? ?e?aµ???,
e?? ? ?a?a??a? st?? ?a??p???a, ?e?aµ???,
??e?t??????, ?? a?t????s???? ?.?.p.
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?et? t?? ???st????s? t?? p??µat?t?, ?
pe??e?t???t?ta se pt?t??? s?stat???, t??
µ??µat??, a????e?. -  ?p? t?? ep?d?as? t??
pt?t???? s?stat???? t?? µ??µat?? se e?ep?de?ta,
se a?t??atast?se??-µetas?µat?se??, pe??ß?????ta
pet??µata, p????pt??? ta p???µetas?µat???
???t?sµata ? skarns ? ???t?sµata ap? µetaµ??f?s?
epaf??, ?p?? ???µ????ta? d??f??et???, ?p?? e??a?
ta ???t?sµata Sn, W, Mo, Fe (s?. 9). -  ?ta? ?
?e?µ???as?a t?? pt?t???? s?stat???? t?? µ??µat??
?at????, ??t? ap? t??? 374? C, ta s?stat??? a?t?
µetat??p??ta? se ???? f?s? d????ta? ?d???e?µ???
d?a??µata - ?p? t? d?ad????? pt?s? t??
?e?µ???as?a? t?? ?d???e?µ???? d?a??µ?t??
ap?t??e?ta? d??f??a µeta????? ????t?, d????ta?,
?ts?, ta ????T?????? ?????S????, ta ?p??a
d?a??????ta? 1) se ?ata?e?µ??? ? ?p??e?µ???, 2)
se µes??e?µ??? ?a? 3) se ep??e?µ???.
S?. 9 ????µetas?µat??? ???tasµa s?d????. ??
???tasµa a?apt?sseta? st?? epaf? ??a??t? µe
asßest????? (Evans, 1993).
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•      
• Sta ?ata?e?µ??? ???t?sµata (?e?µ???as?a gt300?C)
  ?a?a?t???st??? µeta????? ????t? e??a? ?
  ?ass?te??t??, o ß??f?aµ?t??, ? µ???ßda???t?? ?a?
  ? µa???t?t??. S???d? pet???e?et??? ????t? e??a? ?
  t???µa?????, t? t?p???? ?a? ?? ??a??te?.
• 2) Sta µes??e?µ??? ???t?sµata (??300?C ???
  200?C), ?a?a?t???st??? µeta????? ????t? e??a? ta
  ?e????a ????t? t?? Ni ?a? Co, o Au (µes??e?µ????
  ???s??) ?a? ? µe??t? ?e?????? µeta???f???a ?
  P.B.G.C. (s?d???p???t??-sfa?e??t??-?a????t??-?a???
  p???t??).
• 3) Sta ep??e?µ??? (?? 200?C ??? 50?C
  ?a?a?t???st??? ????t? e??a? ? a?t?µ???t?? (SbS),
  t? ?????ßa?? (?gS) ta se?????d?a ?a? te??????d?a
  t?? Au ?a? Ag, ?p?? ?a? ? a?t?f??? ???s??
  (ep??e?µ???? ???s??). S???d? pet???e?et??? ????t?
  e??a? ? f????t??, ßa??t??, ?a???d?????,
  ?a?????t??.

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??t?? ap? ta ?ata?e?µ???, µes??e?µ??? ?a?
ep??e?µ??? ???t?sµata ????µe ?a? ?????? d??
t?p??? ?d???e?µ???? ???tasµ?t?? 1)   ?a
t??e?e?µ??? (???t?sµata p?? e???s???ta? p???
µa???? ap? t??? µ?t?????? t??? ??a??te?) ?a? ta
?p??a ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? µeta???f???a PBG, ?p??
?a? Mn, Fe, Hg, Ge. 2)     ?a ?e???e?µ???
???t?sµata ta ?p??a d?µ????????ta? ?ta? ta
?d???e?µ??? d?a??µata ft????? ???t? st??
ep?f??e?a, ?p?te pa?at??e?ta? ta?t?????? ap??es?
????t?? ?????? ?e?µ???as??? (?p?? p.?. ?
?ass?te??t??, ? ß??f?aµ?t??, ? t???µa????? ?a? t?
t?p????), µa?? µe ????t? ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as???
(?p??, p.?., ? a?t?µ???t??, t? ?????ßa??, ?
?a???d?????, ??p).
St?? ???ad??? ????, ?d???e?µ???? p????e?s??
???t?sµata Pb-Zn?Cu?Au?Ag apa?t??? se d??f??e?
pe??????. ?????te?e? e??a? st? ?a???d???
(???µp??da, ?a??e? ??t?e?, ?a?t?µ ??????). ?a
???t?sµata ?a?????, ?d?a? p????e?s??, ?????
e?a?t???e?.
20
Te?µ?? ????de? (hot spots), (s?. 5?)
St? es?te???? t?? ????sfa?????? p?a???, e??a?
d??at? ?a e?d????e? µa?µat?sµ??. ?? µ??µa
a????eta? ap? sta?e?? s?µe?a t?? µa?d?a ?a? e?te
?f?stata? ??asµat??? ???st????s?, se ??e?st???
µa?µat????? ?a??µ???, e?te a????eta? st??
??e??e?? ß??? ? st?? ep?f??e?a t?? ?pe????,
d????ta? ßas??te?. Se µa?µat?sµ?, se ??se?? hot
spot, ?fe??eta? ? ???es? t?? µe????? ???tasµ?t??
???µ?t?, st??µat?e?d??? t?p?? (stratiform type,
chromites), ?p?? e?e??a t?? Bushveld, t?? ?.
?f?????.
S?. 5 Ge?te?t????? pe??ß?????ta ?) Te?µ? ????da
(Hot spot)
21
??e?e??? ?pe???t??? pe??????a (inactive
continental margins), (s?. 5?)
Sta ???a t?? ?pe????, ta ?p??a, ?µ??, de? e??a?
?a? ???a ????sfa?????? p?a???, ?p?? p.?. ta
d?t??? ?a? a?at????? pe??????a t?? ?t?a?t????
(a?at????? pa????a t?? ? ?a? ? ?µe????? (s?. 5?),
d?t??? pa????a t?? ????p?? ?a? ?f?????) de?
e?d????eta? µa?µat?sµ??.
?a ???t?sµata p?? s??µat????ta? se t?t??a
pe??ß?????ta e??a? ???µat??e?? ???t?sµata
(eßap???te?, pet???a??, ?a?????a?e?, ???µat??e??
µa??a?????a ???t?sµata, µeta???f??e? ?µµ?? ??p.).
S?. 5 Ge?te?t????? pe??ß?????ta ?) ??e?e???
?pe???t??? pe??????? (inactive continental
margin).
22
???µ?t?te?

• ?a ???t?sµata t?? ???µ?t? (???µ?t?te?)
  d?a??????ta? se d?? µ??f????????? t?p???. ?a
  ???t?sµata t?p?? podiform (as??e?d? ?
  ???d???e?d?) ?a? ta st??µat?e?d??? (stratiform)
  t?p??, ???t?sµata.
• ?a podiform, t?p??, ???t?sµata ????? µ??f?
  ???d???? (ß??pe pa?a??t? s??µa) ?a? apa?t??? se
  ??p???? t?p?? pe??d?t?te? (????a d????te?). ??
  d????te? a?t?? e??a? µ??? ?f?????????
  s?µp?e?µ?t?? (?eµ???, d??., ??e??e?a?
  ????sfa??a?, ep???µ??a st?? ?pe?????).
• ?a st??µat?e?d???, t?p??, ???t?sµata apa?t???
  se ?pe?µaf???-µaf???, s??e?t??? pet??µata, p??
  d?µ?????????a? se ??se?? hot spots, ?p?? e?e???
  st? Bushveld, t?? ?.?f?????.
• ?p? ?p???? ?f??, t? ???µ?t??? µet???e?µa
  d?a????eta? st??? a????????? t?p??? s?µpa???
  (compact), ta????t? (shlieren), d??spa?t?
  (disseminated) ?a? ?e?pa?d??e?? (nodular).
• ?p? ?p???? ??µ?sµ??, ?? ???µ?te? d?a??????ta? se
  µeta?????????? t?p?? (Cr2?3 gt 46) ?a? se
  p???µa??? t?p??, (Cr2O3 Al2O3 gt 58).

23
????????S
?e t?? ??? ?ate??te? ???µ????µe d?? e?d?
???tasµ?t?? t??? Fe,Ni/?????? ?ate??te? ?a? t???
ß???te?. ?a? ?? d?? a?t?? t?p?? p???????ta? ap?
t? ??µ??? ap?s????s? ?at??????? µ?t?????
pet??µ?t??, ?p? ?at?????e? ???µat???????? ?a?
edaf???????? s?????e?. ? ??µ??? ap?s????s?,
???µ??eta? ?ate??t??s?.
? ?O????S

• ?at?????a µ?t???? pet??µata ??a t? d?µ??????a
  ß???t???? ???tasµ?t??, e??a? ta p???s?a se Al2O3,
  ?p?? ?? ßas??te?/??ßß???/d?aß?se?, ?? a?des?te?,
  ?? s????te? ?a? ?? a???????? s??st??????.
• ?? ???µa p??pe? ?a e??a? ?e?µ? (gt 22?C) ?a? ????.
  ?pa?a?t?t??, e?t??t???, e??a? 1-3 µ??e? ???as?a?
  (???µa µ??s????). ?at? t??? ?????? µ??e? ???eta?
  ap?st?????s? t?? ?ate??t???? ??????ta
  (?at???eta?, d??., ? ?d??f???? ??????ta? se
  µe?a??te?? ß????), µe ap?t??esµa t?? ap?µ?????s?
  t?? SiO2. ?? de? ap?µa?????e? t? SiO2, t?te a?t?
  ??a ???ps?t?? Al (OH)3 (p?? e??a? ????? ????t?
  t?? ß???t??), d?µ?????e?ta? ?a?????t?? Al2Si2O5
  (OH)4.

24
? ?O????S ...
 3)  ?pa??? d?s??? St?? ???e? t?? d?s???,
e?a?t?a? t?? s???? t?? f????? ?a? t?? d?af????
ßa?t???d???, d?µ????????ta? ?at?????e?
f?s?????µ???? s?????e? (Ph, Eh) ??a t?
d?a??t?p???s? ?a? ap?µ?????s? d?af???? st???e???
ap? t? µ?t???? p?t??µa. G?a ?a d?µ???????e? ??a?,
µe????? p?????, ß???t???? ??????ta?, ?a p??pe?
a) ? ???s? t?? ed?f??? ?a e??a? µ???? (a? e??a?
µe???? ap?µa????eta?, t? ß???t??? ????? µe t?
?e?? t?? ß????? ?p?te de? d?µ?????e?ta?
??????ta?, µe????? p?????) ?a? ß) ?a µ??
ap?t??e?ta? p??? st?, ?p? ?ate??t??s?, p?t??µa,
p??s??se??. ?? d?? a?t?? p???p???se?? s???p??????
sta p?at? (plateaux), se ep?pede?, d??.,
ep?f??e?e? p?? ß??s???ta? se µe???? ???µet??.
????t????es?
?at? t? ß???t????es?, ap?µa??????ta? ta e?d????ta
st???e?a (MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, MnO, SiO2) ap? t?
µ?t???? p?t??µa, µe ap?t??esµa ?a eµp???t?ste? se
Fe2O3, Al2O3 ?a? TiO2,. ?ts?, st??? ß???te? t?
Al2O3 ft??e? t? 60, ?a? e???te t? ?pe?ßa??e?,
e?? t? Fe2O3 ft??e? t? 25 ?a? t? TiO2 to 4,5.
25
??O??G??? ??? ???????G??? ?????S???? ?O????
?) ???t??e?? ???t?sµata
?a p??t??e?? ???t?sµata a?e???s???ta? ep??? sta
µ?t???? t??? pet??µata (ßas??te?/??ßß????/d?aß?se?
, a?des?te?, s????te? ??p). Se ??a p??t??e???
???tasµa ß???t? se ??a, d??., ?ate??t??? µa?d?a,
?p?? d?af??et??? ???µ??eta?, s??a?t??µe d??f?????
??????te?, ?? ?p???? e? t?? ??? p??? ta ??t?
e??a? ?? a???????? (s?. 10a)

• ??????ta? p???s??? se Fe/??e?d?a (ferricrete).
• ????t???? ??????ta?.
• Sap???????? ????, ? ?p??a e??a? p???s?a se
  f????p???t??? ????t? (?a?????t?, ?.?.p.).
• ?p?sa???µ??? µ?t???? p?t??µa (ap?sa???µ??? p.?.
  ßas??t?).
• ????? µ?t???? p?t??µa (???? p.?. ßas??t?).

S?. 10a ???t??e??? ???tasµa ß???t?.
??a??????ta? ?? ??????te? 1) ferricrete, 2)
ß???t????, 3) sap???????? ????, 4) ap?sa???µ???
µ?t???? p?t??µa, 5) ????? p?t??µa.
26
??) ?e?te???e?? ???t?sµata
?a p??t??e?? ???t?sµata, e?? ?atast?afe? t? d?s??
p?? ta p??state?e?, ?atast??f??ta? ?a? a?t?, ap?
t? ?e?? t?? ß????? ?a? t?? ??eµ?. ?a p?????ta t??
ap?s????s?? µetaf????ta? µe ta p?t?µ?a ?a?
ap?t??e?ta? ???t? st?? a?t?? ?a??ss??? ?e?a???,
d?µ???????ta?, ?ts?, de?te???e?? ???t?sµata
ß???t? . ??? ? ?a??ss??? ß???? ap?te?e?ta? ap?
?a?st???p???µ????? asßest???????, t?te
d?µ????????ta? ?? ?a?st????, t?p??, ß???te?,
?p?? e??a? ???? ?? ß???te? t?? ???ad???? ?????
(s?. 10ß1).
S?. 10ß 1 ?e?te???e??? ???tasµa ?a?st????
??p?? st? ???? ?a??ass??. 1. ?sßest??????
pat?µat??, 2. ????te?, 3. ?sßest??????
???f??
?O????S
27
????a ????t? t?? ????t??
????a ????t? t?? ß???t?? e??a? ? ???ps?t?? (sta
???t?sµata t?? ?a????????? a???a), t? d??sp???
?a? ? ßa?µ?t?? (AlOOH) (sta ???t?sµata t??
?es??????? a???a). ?pa?t???, ep?s??, a?µat?t??
?a? a?at?s?? ? ??a?t?t?? ? ???t???? ?
?a?????t??.
?st?? t?? µeta??e?µat??
?? µet???e?µa d?a????eta? se p?ss??????? (s?.
10ß2) ?a? s?µpa???. ?? p?ss?????? e??a?
sfa???e?d? s?µat?d?a, e?????? ??? µa???? ???µat??
?a? e??a? p???s??? se Fe2O3. ?? p?ss??????
pe??ß?????ta? ap? t? ?eµe???d? µ??a (matrix), ?
?p??a e??a? p???s?a se Al2O3. Se µ????s??p???
pa?at???s?, ?? p?ss??????, eµfa?????ta? ?t?
ap?te????ta? ap? ???????? s??dedeµ????? µeta??
t???. ?? ??????? e??a? s???e?t??se?? ?p? µ??f?
ep?f????se?? ?a? ????? µ??e??? lt2mm.
28
????te? t?? ???ad???? ?????
? ????a ß???t?f???? pe?????, st?? ???ad??? ????,
e??a? ? e??t?ta ?a??ass??-G????a? (S?. 10?). St??
pe????? a?t? apa?t??? t?e?? ?????? ß???t?f????
??????te?, ?? ?p???? ????? ap?te?e? p??? se
?a?st???p???µ????? asßest???????, ?es???????
?????a?.
?? taß??? t?? ß???t???? ???tasµ?t?? e??a?
asßest?????? ? ????as???? (1?? ?a? 2??), ??? ?a?
? ???t?d???? ?????a? (3??). ? sp??da??te???
??????ta? e??a? ? 3?? ?a? st? s????e?a, ? 2??,
???? t?? µe????? ap??eµ?t?? p?? ??e? ?a? t??
?????? pe??e?t???t?ta? t?? µeta??e?µat??, se
Al2O3 (st?? 3? ??????ta ?pe?ßa??e? t? 60). ?a
????a ????t? t??? e??a? ? ßa?µ?t?? ? d??sp???
(AlOOH), ? a?µat?t?? (Fe2O3) ?a? ? a?at?s??
(TiO2). ???at? ?a s???p???e? ??????
?a?????t??. ?? µet???e?µa e??a? s?µpa???? t?p??
? p?ss???????.
S?. 10? ????te? t?? ????? ?a??ass?? G????a?.
29
 S???????????????? ????????S
?at?????? p?t??µa ??a t? d?µ??????a Fe, Ni/?????
?ate??t?? e??a? ?? pe??d?t?te?, ded?µ???? ?t?
st?? ???ß??? (Mg2SiO4) p?? e??a? t? ????? ????t?
t?? pe??d?t?t??, e?d?µe?ta? Ni, t? ?p???
a?t??a??st? t? Mg. ?at?????? ???µa e??a? t?
t??p??? (?e?µ? ?a? ????). ?pa?te?ta?, ep?s??,
?pa??? d?s???. ?p? t?? s?????e? a?t??,
ap?µa??????ta? ta MgO, K2O, Na2O, Mn?, SiO2 ap?
t? p?t??µa, µe ap?t??esµa ?a eµp???t?ste? se
Fe2O3 (60). ?? Fe,Ni/????? ?ate??te?, se
a?t??es? µe t??? ß???te? de? ????? Al2O3 ?a?
TiO2, ded?µ???? ?t?, ta µ?t???? t??? pet??µata,
d??. ?? pe??d?t?te? e??a? p??? ft???? sta ??e?d?a
a?t?.
30
??O??G????S Fe,Ni/????? ?ate??te?
Se ??a p??t??e??? Fe,Ni/???? ???tasµa (?ate??t???
µa?d?a) s??a?t??µe a?t?st?????? ??????te? µe
e?e????? t?? ß???t? (s?. 11a). -     ??????ta
p???s?? se Fe/??e?d?a (ferricrete), (s?.
11a1). -     Fe,Ni/o??? ?ate??t? (s?. 11a2). -  
Sap???????? ???? (p???s?a se se?pe?t????? ????t?)
(s?. 11a3). - ?p?sa???µ??? pe??d?t?t? (s?.
11a4).
S?. 11a ???t??e??? ???tasµa Fe,Ni/????? ?ate??t?
st? ?a?a?????? G?eße???.
???????G????S Fe,Ni/????? ????????S
?e t?? ?atast??f? t?? p??t??e??? ???tasµ?t??, t?
????? t?? ap?s????s?? µetaf??eta? µe ta ?µß??a
?data ?a? ap?t??eta? e?te p??? se ??????
se?pe?t???te?, e?te se ???st asßest?????? p??
ap?te???? t? ß??? ?e?t?????? ?e?a???. ?ts?
d?µ????????ta? ta de?te???e?? ???t?sµata.
31
Fe,Ni/????? ?ate??te? t?? ???ad???? ?????
???t??e?? ???t?sµata, Fe,Ni/????? ?ate??t??,
a?e???s???ta? st?? ?ast???? ?a? G?eße?? (ta
???t?sµata e???s???ta? p??? ap? ta µ?t???? t???
pet??µata, d??. t??? se?pe?t????µ?????
pe??d?t?te?). ?a ???t?sµata t?? ?????da? ?a? t??
??ß??a? e??a? de?te???e?? ?a? ????? ap?te?e? p???
ap? ?a?st???p???µ????? asßest??????? (s?. 11ß) ?
p??? ap? se?pe?t???te?. O? taß???, ?? Fe,Ni/?????
?ate??te?, ????? a?????t?d????? asßest???????
(????µ?a ?a? ??ß??a) ? µ???as??? ???µata,
?e???a?????? ?????a? (?ast????).
?? µet???e?µa d?a????eta? se p?ss??????? ?a? se
s?µpa???. ?a ????a ????t? e??a? a?µat?t?? -
µa???t?t?? ? ??a?t?t??. ?? Ni e?d?µe?ta? st???
?????te?-se?pe?t??e? p?? af?????? st?? ?eµe???d?
µ??a (matrix) t?? µeta??e?µat??. ? a?µat?t??
af???e? st??? ????????-p?ss???????. ?
pe??e?t???t?ta se Ni p??se????e?, s??????, t? 1.
S?. 11ß Fe,Ni/???? ???tasµa ????µ?a?
(Petrascheck, 1982). 1. ????as???? asßest??????,
2. ??????ta? p???s??? se Ni/???a ????t?, 3.
Fe/????a??pa??? µe ????? pe??e?t???t?ta se Ni, 4.
S?µpa??? Fe/µa, 5. O??????? Fe/µa, 6. ??t????
asßest??????? ????a??pa???, 7. ???t?d????
asßest??????.
32
???????G??? ?????S????
?a ???µat??e?? ???t?sµata d?a??????ta? se t?e??
µe???e? ?at?????e? a) ta ???s??s??e?? ß) ta
??µ??? ?a? ?) ta ????e??-ß????µ???
?p? a?t?, ta ???µ??? ???µat??e?? ???t?sµata?
e??a? a?t?????a ???t?sµata, ?e??????a?, d??., ??
??µ??? ???µa, st? ?e???? ?p?? a?e???s???ta?, µa??
µe ta ???a ???µat??e?? pet??µata p?? ta
pe??ß??????. ??t??a e??a? ? ?????, ta Mn/???a,
???µat??e???? t?p??, ???t?sµata, ?? e?st??µ????
s?d??????? s??µat?sµ?? (BIF), ?.?.p.   ??t??eta,
ta ?p??s??s??e?? ???µat??e?? ???t?sµata? ?
?placers? e??a? ete??????a ???t?sµata.
??µ?????????a? ap? t? ??ast??? ????? p?? p??????e
ap? t? µ??a???? ap?s????s? p???pa????t??
pet??µ?t??/µeta??e?µ?t??. ?? ??ast??? ?????
µetaf?????e µe t? ?e?? t?? ß????? ?a? ap?t????e
e?te st?? ???e? p?taµ??, d?µ???????ta? t??
?p?t?µ?e? a????ß?a??? ap???se???, e?te st??
pa???t?e? pe?????? ??µ??? ?a? ?a?ass??,
d?µ???????ta? t?? ?pa???t?e? ap???se??? ? ?beach
placers?, ?p?? ?????ta? d?af??et???.
33
???????G??? ?????S????...
Kat? t? µetaf???, ? ap??es? ???eta? µe ß?s? t?
e?d??? ß???? t?? µetafe??µ???? ??????, t? s??µa
?a? t? µ??e??? t???. ????t? µe????? e?d????
ß????? ?a???????? p?? ??????a ap? ????t? ?s??
µe??????, a??? µ????te??? e.ß. ????t?, ep?s??,
sfa?????? s??µat??, ?a???????? p?? ??????a ap?
f????d? ????t?. ??t?? ap? t? µe???? e?d??? ß????
?a? t? ?at?????? s??µa, p???e?µ???? ?a
d?µ?????????? a??????e? s???e?t??se??, ta ????t?
p??pe? ?a ????? ????? a?t??? st?? ap?s????s? ?a?
st? µ??a???? ?atap???s?. ?ts?, ded?µ???? ?t? ta
s???f?d?a e?a????????ta? e????a, sp???a
ß??s???ta?, ?? a??????e? s???e?t??se??, se
??ast??? ???µata. ??t??eta, ? ???µ?t??, ?
?e??????s??, ? ?ass?te??t?? ??p., a???sta?ta?
st?? ap?s????s? ?? ?ts?, s????, d????? a??????a
???t?sµata, ???µat??e???? p????e?s??.
St?? ??se?? ???µat????es??, ? ap??es? t?? ????t??
???eta? d?ad?????, a?????a µe t? e?d??? t???
ß????, µe ap?t??esµa ta ßa??te?a ?a
s???e?t?????ta? st??? ?at?te???? ??????te? e???
???µat??e???? s??µat?sµ??. ?ts?, t? 90 t?? Au
p?? ß??s?eta? se µ?a ???s?f??? ?µµ?,
s???e?t???eta? sta ?at?te?a st??µat? t??. ?at? t?
µetaf??? a??????eta? ? s?stas? t?? ??ast????
??????, e?a?t?a? t?? e?a?????se?? p?? ?f?sta?ta?.
?ts?, ? p???t?ta t?? ??ast???? ?????? ???s??
???eta? ?a??te??, a??a??µe??? t?? ap?stas??
µetaf????, ded?µ???? ?t? ap?p???eta?, stad?a??, ?
Ag ? ?p????, s??????, s???p???e? µa?? t??.
34
???????G??? ?????S????...
G?a ?a s??µat?st??? a??????e? s???e?t??se??
µeta?????? s?stat????, ?a p??pe? ?a ?p???e?
s??e??? t??f?d?s?a, ep?µ????, ? p??? p??sf????
??ast???? ?????? ?a ??e? ??t??? a?????f?. ?? t?
a?????f? e??a? ?p??, ? ap???µ?d? t?? p?????t??
ap?s????s?? e??a? µ????. ?a pe??ss?te?a
p??s??µat??? ???t?sµata ????? µ???? ap???µata
?a? ded?µ???? ?t? s??µat????ta? st?? ep?f??e?a,
s???? ?atast??f??ta?, p??? p????ß??? ?a taf???
??t? ap? ?e?te?a ???µata. ? e?µet???e?s?,
e?t??t??? ?a? t?? µ????? ???tasµ?t??, e??a?,
s????, s?µf????sa, ??at? ? ap????? t??? e??a?
e?????, af??, s??????, p???e?ta? ??a ?a?a??
???µata. ?a?a??te?e? ap???se??, ?? ?p??e?
a?e???s???ta? se µe?a??te?a ß??? ?a? ?????
????p????e?, apa?t??? µe?a??te?? ??st?? e???????
??' ?ts? ?a p??pe? ?a e??a? p???s?e? ??a ?a
t????? e?µet???e?s??.
35
????ß?a??? ap???se??
???a? d??at?, µe t?? ?ata?e?µat?sµ? ??p????
pet??µ?t?? ?a? t?? ap?µ?????s? ???sµ???? e?af???
????t?? ap' a?t?, ?a ???e? eµp???t?sµ?? in situ
se ??p??a ???a ????t?, µe????? e.ß., ?p?? p.?.
????t? t?? Sn, Pt, Au, ta ?p??a e?te
µeta??????ta? e????sta, ?p?te p????pt??? ??
e???ß?a??? ap???se?? (eluvial placers) ? de?
µeta??????ta? ?a?????, ?p?te p????pt??? ??
?p??e?µµat???? ap???se?? (residual placers). G?a
?a ???e? a?t?, ?a p??pe? ? ???s? t?? ed?f??? ?a
e??a? aµe??t?a, ?p?te ?a µ? ???eta? ap???µ?d? t??
p?????t?? ap?s????s??, ap? ta ?e?? t?? ß?????.
?? ?????te?e? ??se?? ap???se?? ??ast???? ??????
sta p?t?µ?a, e??a? e?e? ?p?? ?p?????? a??µa??e?
ed?f???, e?e? ?p?? ? ta??t?ta t?? ?e???
e?att??eta? ap?t?µa, e?e? ?p?? ??a? pa?ap?taµ??
s??a?t? ??a ????? p?taµ? ?a? sta ????a t??
µa???d??? (s?. 12).
S?. 12 ?????te?e? ??se?? ap??es?? ??ast????
??????. 1 se a??µa??e? ed?f???, 2 se ??se??
?dat?pt?se??, 3 se ??se?? s????t?s?? pa?ap?t?µ??
µe ????? p?taµ? ?a? 4 se ????a µa???d???.
36
?ßap???te?
?? eßap???te? e??a? ??µ??? ???µat??e??
???t?sµata. ?????pt??? ap? t?? e??tµ?s? ?a??ss???
?a? ??µ?a??? ?d?t??, ?ta? a?t? ?pe????est??? se
K, Na, Mg, Ca. ?a ????a ????t? t?? eßap???t??
e??a? ? ????? (CaSO4.2H2O), ? a??d??t?? (CaSO4)
?a? ? a??t?? ? ????t? a??t? (NaCl). ? se???
ap??es?? t??? e??a? p??ta ta a???a???? ????t?
(???t? st?? a?t??), µet? ????? ?a? t????, t?
????t? a??t?, ded?µ???? ?t? e??a? t? p??
e?d????t? (s?.13). St?? ???ad??? ???? ????µe
???? ?e?µ????, ???ad???? ?a? ???t??e???? ?????a?,
st? ?.????da ?a? st?? ???t?. ???t?sµata ????t??
??at?? ß??s???ta? sta ???????a.
S?. 13 ?p??es? t?? eßap???t?? se ??e?st??
?e???e?. ?p? t?? a?t?? p??? t? es?te???? t??
?e?????, s??a?t??µe a???a???? ????t? (asßest?t?),
?e???? (?????) ?a? ????????a (a??t?).
37
F?sf?ta - F?sf???te?
????e?ta? ??a ß????µ??? ???µat??e?? ???t?sµata.
?ta? ? pe??e?t???t?ta se ?2?5 e??a? lt20,
???µ????ta? f?sf?ta, e?? ?ta? e??a?gt20,
???µ????ta? f?sf???te?. ?? ????? ????t? t??
f?sf?t?? e??a? ? f????apat?t??. ?a f?sf?ta
d?µ????????ta? se ?a??ss?? pe??ß?????, µe t??
a??????? d?ad??as?a ???d??? ?e?µata ß????
(ße??????? ?e?µata), p???s?a se ?, a?e???µe?a
p??? t?? ep?f??e?a, s?µß?????? st?? ??t???
pa?a???? p?a??t??, ???t? st?? ep?f??e?a. ?et? t?
???at? t??, t? p?a??t? s?ss??e?eta? st? ß??? t??
?a??ss?a? ?e?????, eµp???t????ta?, ?ts?, t? ß???,
µe f?sf??? (s?. 14).
S?. 14 ??µ??????a f?sf???t?? se pe??ß?????
?fa?????p?da?. ???d??? ?e?µata ß????, p???s?a se
f?sf???, ß?????? st?? ??t??? a??pt??? p?a??t??.
?? p?a??t? a?t?, µet? t? ???at? t?? ap?t??eta? se
?p??a??ss?e? ???t?e? ???t? st?? ????. St?
s????e?a, µe ßa?t???d?a?? d??s?
epa?ad?a??t?p??e?ta? ? f?sf???? p?? pe????e? t?
p?a??t? ?a? epa?ap?t??eta? ?? pe?et?sfa???d?a ?a?
?? ???d????.
38
F?sf?ta F?sf???te?...
St? s????e?a, µe t? ßa?t???d?a?? ap?s???es? t??
p?a??t??, epa?ad?a??t?p??e?ta? ? ?, ? ?p????
epa?ap?t??eta? ?? pe?et?sfa???d?a (pellets) ? ??
???d???? (s?. 15). ?? st?? pe????? ap??es??
ep???at??? ?s???? ?e?µata, ap?µa??????ta? ta
???a ???µata (a??????? ??p) p?? s???p?????? st?
ß???, µe ap?t??esµa t?? ?????? s???e?t??se??, se
f?sf?????a ????t?, t?? ??se?? a?t??.
S?. 15 ???d???? (1) ?a? pe?et?e?d? (pellets) (2)
se f?sf???te?.
39
??st??µ???? s?d??????? s??µat?sµ?? ? BIF
????e?ta? ??a te??st?a ???µat??e?? ???t?sµata
s?d????, ta ?p??a e?te????ta? se p????
tet?a?????? ?????µet?a. Sta ???t?sµata
pa?at?????ta?, ?p?? ?d? a?af?????e,
a?????d??d??e? s????????µe? ?a? a????t????µe?
st??se??, ap? ????t? t?? s?d???? ?a? ap? ?a?a??a,
a?t?st???a (s?. 4a).
S?. 4 a St??µat?e?d? ???t?sµata s?d????
(B.I.F.). ?a?at?????ta? d?ad?????? e?st??se??
?a?a??a (?e????) ?a? Fe/??e?d??? (µa??e?).
40
??st??µ???? s?d??????? s??µat?sµ?? ? BIF
?a BIF ?e??e?ta? ?t? ????? s??µat?ste? se
a?e?e??? ?pe???t??? pe??????a, ap? t? s?d??? p??
e??a? d?a?e??µ???? st?? ??e??e?e? ?e???e? ?a? ?
?p???? p?????eta? a) ap? t? Fe p?? p?????eta?
ap? t?? ?atast??f? t?? pet??µ?t?? t?? ????? ?a?
???eta? st? ?a??ss?a ?e???? µe ta p?t?µ?a ?data
ß) ap? t? Fe t?? ?d???e?µ???? d?a??µ?t?? p??
?????f????? st?? µes???e??e?e? ???e?, ?a? ?) ap?
t? Fe p?? p????pte? ap? t? d?a???es? t??
???µ?t??. ? Fe a?t?? ap?t??eta?, ?p? µ??f?
???µat??, p???s??? se a?µat?t?, s?d???t?, ??p, se
?p??a??ss?a p?at?, ???t? st?? ?pe????? (s?. 16).
S?. 16 S??µat?sµ?? t?? st??µat?e?d?? s?d???????
s??µat?sµ?? (B.I.F.). ? Fe p?? a?e???s?eta? sta
?d???e?µ??? d?a??µata, ta ?p??a e?????ta? st??
µes???e??e?e? ???e?? (?), µa?? µe t? Fe p??
p????pte? ap? t? d?a???es? t?? ???µ?t?? t?? ß????
(?) f???e? sta ?p??a??ss?a p?at?, ?p?? ?a?
ap?t??eta?, ?p? µ??f? ???µat??, p???s??? se
a?µat?t?, s?d???t? ??p.
41
?????????????G??? ?????S????
?a atµ?d????µat??e?? ???t?sµata (sedimentary
exhalative ? sedex) d?µ????????ta? ap? t?
s??d?asµ? ?d???e?µ???? d??s?? ?a? ???µat????es??.
??a??????ta? se d?? ??????? t?p??? ?a
???t?sµata, t?p?? ?Kuroko? ?a? ta ???t?sµata,
t?p?? ???p????.
a) ???t?sµata, t?p?? ?Kuroko? ????e?ta? ??a
???t?sµata Pb-Zn-Cu?Ag p?? d?µ?????????a? se
pe??ß?????ta ??s??t???? t????. ?a ?d???e?µ???
d?a??µata ?d?se ????? µa?µat??? est?a, ?? a?t?
?a? st? ?e?t???a t?? ???tasµ?t?? e???s???ta?
????a ??? e?d??µesa ?fa?ste?a?? pet??µata.
? µeta???f???a eµfa???e? ????s? (s?. 17), µe µ?a
???? p???s?a se s?d???p???t?, st? ß?s?, µ?a ????
p???s?a se ?a???p???t?, µ?a ???? p???s?a se
sfa?e??t? ?a? µ?a ???? p???s?a se SiO2 ?a? ????t?
t?? s?d????, ?s? p???????µe p??? t??? a??te????
??????te?. St?? ????da, ???tasµa, t?p?? ?Kuroko?,
µe ZnPbAgCd, e??a? t? ???tasµa st??? ???????,
t?? ?a????a?.
S?. 17 ??t?p??s?pe?t??? ???tasµa Pb-Zn?Ag?Au,
t?p?? Kuroko. ??a??????ta? ap? ??t? p??? ta ???
1 ???? p???s?a se s?d???p???t?, 2 ???? p???s?a
se ?a???p???t?, 3 ???? p???s?a se sfa?e??t?, 4
???? p???s?a se p???t??????? ?a? ??e?d?a.
42
ß) ???t?sµata, t?p?? ???p???? ????e?ta? ??a
???t?sµata Cu, ta ?p??a d?µ?????????a? se
pe??ß????? ?µes???ea???? ???e??? ? ?pe??????a???
?a?ass???. ?a ?d???e?µ??? d?a??µata e??a? t?
?e?µ? ?a??ss?? ?e??, t? ?p??? d?e?sd?e? d?a µ?s??
???µ?? st??? ßas??te? ?a? ??ßß???? t?? ??e?????
f????? ?a? ap?p???e? µeta????? st???e?a (Cu, Fe,
Mn, Co, Ni, ?.?.p.) ap? ta pet??µata a?t? (s?.
18). St? s????e?a, epa????eta? st? ?a??ss?? ß???,
?p?? ?a? ap???te? ta µeta????? st???e?a, µe
ap?t??esµa ?a d?µ????????ta? ???t?sµata Cu ?t?p??
??p???? p??? st??? ßas??te?. ?a d?a?e??µ??a
st???e?a FeMn?Ni?Co d????? ???d?????
(s?d???µa??a???????? ???d????? p???s???? se Ni
?a? Co). St?? ???ad??? ???? ???t?sµata Cu ?t?p??
??p???? e???s???ta? st?? ??µ????da (??????da).
S?. 18 ??µ??????a t?? ???tasµ?t?? Cu, t?p??
K?p???. Te?µ? ?a?ass??? ?e?? d?e?sd?e?, µ?s?
???µ??, ??? ?a? t??? ??ßß???? t?? ??e????? f?????
?a? d?a??e? µeta????? st???e?a p?? pe???????. St?
s????e?a, a????eta? p??? t? ß???, ?a? ap???te? ta
st???e?a a?t? e?te st??? ßas??te? e?te st? ß???.
43
?????S???? ??? ????G??? ????????S??
?a ???t?sµata ap? ??pe??e?? eµp???t?sµ??, ?????
p?????e? ap? t? ??µ??? ap?s????s? ???tasµ?t??
PBGC (s?d???p???t?, sfa?e??t?, ?a????t?,
?a???p???t?).
? ??µ??? ap?s????s? ??e? ?? ap?t??esµa t?
d?a??t?p???s? st???e???, ?p?? Cu, Ag, ??p, ap?
t??? a??te???? ??????te? t?? ???t?sµat?? ?a? t??
ap??es? t??? ??t? ap? t?? ?d??f??? ??????ta, µe
ap?t??esµa t?? eµp???t?sµ? t?? ????? a?t?? (????
eµp???t?sµ??) µe ta ???s?µa a?t? st???e?a. ??? ?
pa?ap??? d?ad??as?a ??e? ?? ap?t??esµa t?
d?µ??????a ????? ?a? ?p?????? sta ???t?sµata
PBGC, ta ?p??a ????? ?p?ste? ??µ??? ap?s????s?.
?? ???e? a?t?? e? t?? ??? p??? ta ??t? e??a? ??
a??????e? (s?. 19)
?. ???? ??e?d?s?? 1) s?d????? ????µµa (iron
cup) 2) ???? ft??? se µeta???f???a 3) ???? µe
??e?d?µ??? µet???e?µa ?. ???? eµp???t?sµ?? ?
???? eµp???t?sµ?? e???s?eta? ??t? ap? t??
?d??f??? ??????ta. G. ???t??e??? µeta???f???a
S?. 19 ???tasµa ap? ?pe??e?? eµp???t?sµ?.
??a??????ta? t? s?d????? ????µµa (1), t?
??e?d?µ??? µet???e?µa (2), ? ???? eµp???t?sµ??
(3) ?a? ? p??t??e??? µeta???f???a (4).
44
(No Transcript)
45
META???G???????S ???????S - ???????G???????S
?????S
? ?ata??µ? t?? ???tasµ?t?? st? ?? de? e??a?
t??a?a. S?µa?t???? s???e?t??se?? µet?????
apa?t??? se s???e???µ??e? pe??????, ?? ?p??e?
??????? t?? µeta????e?et???? epa???e?, ? t??
µeta????e?et???? ???e?, a?????a µe t? µ??e???
t???. ? µeta???f???a s' a?t?? t?? pe??????
?p??e?ta? se pet???e?et???, ???????, te?t?????
??p control. ?ts?, ta µe?a??te?a ???t?sµata Sn
st? ?? s??d???ta? µe ??a??te?, µes??????? ?????a?
(63,1 t?? pa???sµ??? ap??eµ?t??) ?a? apa?t??? se
s???e???µ??e? pe?????? t?? ???. ?µ??a, st?
?.????p? apa?t??? d??f??e? µeta????e?et????
???e?. ???te? µe t?? µeta????e?et????
epa???e?-???e? e??a? ?a??d???t???? st?? a?a??t?s?
???? ???tasµ?t??. ?ts?, p.?., ? ?ata??µ? t??
???tasµ?t?? Sn st?? ??st?a??a ?d??e? st??
a?a??t?s? ?µ???? ???tasµ?t?? st??
??ta??t???. ??sa se µ?a ?a? t?? a?t?
µeta????e?et??? epa???a ?p?????? pe???d?? p?? ?
µeta??????es? ?ta? p?? ??t???. ??t?? ?? pe???d??
???µ????ta? ????e? µeta????e?et???? ep????.
46
???????G???????S ???????S ???????G???????S
?????S
St?? E??ad??? ????, ?? ?????te?e?
µeta????e?et???? epa???e? e??a? ? µeta????e?et???
epa???a Cr ?a? ? epa???a Fe-Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba-Mn (s?.
20). ?a ???t?sµata ???µ?t? apa?t??? sta
?pe?µaf??? µ???, ?f????????? s?µp?e?µ?t??,
a??????as???? ?????a?, p?? ?e??e?ta? ?t?
?e??????a?, se pe??????a??? t?p??, µ?????
?a??ss?e? ?e???e?. ?a ???t?sµata
Fe-Pb-Zn-Cu-Mn-Ba, s???de???? ??a??te?-??a??d????t
e?, ?e??e???? ?????a?, p?? ?e??e?ta? ?t?
?e??????a? se ??se?? ??s??t???? t????.
S?.20 ?eta????e?et???? ???e? t?? ßa??a?????
????? (Petrascheck, 1982). ? ?e??e??? (Au,
Pb, Zn, Sb, Hg, Mn, Ba) ?? Se?????,
?a?a???e??? (Cu, Mn) ??? ????as??? (?f???????)
(Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mg) IV ???ad???
(?fa?ste?????µat??e??) (Pb, Zn, Hg, Fe) V
?a?a??????? (Fe, Cu, Mg)
47
G????T????S
?? ?a?????a?e? ? ????t?? ????a?e? e??a?
???µat??e?? ???t?sµata, ß???e???? (f?t????)
p????e?s??, ta ?p??a e??a? p???s?a se ????a?a.
??µ?????????a? ap?, d?af???? µ??f??, f?t???
?e??a?a (f?t????ste?), ?ta? a?t? s???e?t?????a?
se ??p??a ?e???? ?a?, st? s????e?a, e?taf??st??a?
st? es?te???? t?? ???. ? s?????t??s? t?? f?t????
???? ????e, e?te in situ (a?t??????? ????a?e?),
?p?? e??a? ? s?????t??s? p??d?? f?t?? se e??de??
pe?????? e?te µet? ap? t? µetaf??? t?? se
e?d??pe???t???? ?e???e?, t?f????, ? pa???t?e?
?a??ss?e? pe??????, ?p?? ?a? ap?t????e
(ete???????? ????a?e?). ?????????, ap?t????a?
???µata µe????? p?????, ???? s??e???? ß???s?? t??
?e?????, µe ap?t??esµa ?? ??????te?, ?? p???s???
se f?t??? ???, ?a ß?e???? se µe???a ß??? (ap?
100m ??? ?a? µe???? Km) st? es?te???? t?? ???.
?p? t?? ep?d?as? t?? ?e?µ???as?a? ?a? t?? p?es??
p?? ep???at??? s a?t? ta ß???, ? f?t??? ???
e?a???a?????e, µe t? ß???e?a a?ae??ß???
ßa?t???d???. ? p??e?a e?a??????s?? ?d???se se
d??f????? t?p??? a???????, ?? ?p???? e??a? ??
a???????? t??f?, ?????t??, ?p?ß?t??µe??????? ?a?
ß?t??µe??????? ????a?e?, a???a??t?? ?a?
??af?t??. ?p? t?? t??f? st?? a???a??t?, ?
pe??e?t???t?ta se ????a?a (C) a????e?, e??,
a?t??eta, e?att????ta? ? ???as?a (?2?) ?a? ta
pt?t??? s?stat??? (CO2, CH4, NH3).
48
G????T????S
? t??f? (?55 C) ??e? p?????e? ap? µ????
e?a??????s? p??d?? f?t?? p?? f???ta? se e??de??
pe??????. ??e? ????d? ?f? ?a? t? ???µa t??
p??????e?, a?????a µe t? ?h t?? pe??ß?????t??
e?a??????s??. ?a??eta? pa?????ta? ?ap??.
Ste?e?ta? ??µ???. ?p?ß?fe? sta d??t??a. ?
?????t?? pe????e? 65-75 C. ???a? ?asta??µa????,
µe ????d? ?f? ?a? ste?e?ta? ??µ???. ?a??eta?
pa?????ta? ?ap??. ?p?ß?fe? sta d??t??a. ??
ß?t??µe??????? ????a?e? pe??????? 75-85 C. ??
???µa t??? e??a? µa???, µe ?a??d? ??µ?? ?a?
ap?ß?f??? sta d??t??a. ?? a???a??te? pe???????
85-96 C ?a? 5-8 pt?t??? s?stat???. ????? ?a??d?
??µ??, ?????e?d? ??a?s? ?a? de? ap?ß?f??? sta
d??t??a.
? ??af?t?? e??a? s?ed?? ?a?a??? ????a?a? (C) ?a?
p?????eta? ap? d?ad??as?e? µetaµ??f?s??. ??e?
µ???? s?????t?ta (?2, st?? ???µa?a Mohs),
??pa??d? ?f? ?a? ??????µa??? ???µa. Se t?µ? e???
???t?sµat??, ?? ?a?????a?e? eµfa?????ta? ??
e?st??se??, p???????? p????? (µe???? e?at?st? ???
?a? µe????? de??de? µ?t?a), ?? ?p??e?
e?a???ss??ta? µe e?st??se??, p???s?e? se a???????
???µata, ?aµµ?te? ?a? µ???e?.
49
G????T????S
?e ß?s? t? d??ta?? t?? macerals se st??se??,
??at?? µe t? ??µ?? µ?t?, ?a?????eta? ? ????t?p??
?a? ? µ????????t?p?? t?? ?a?a???????. ?? ????e?
?at?????e? µ????????t?p?? e??a? ? ß?t??t??, ?
f????t??, ? ?t????t?? ?a? ? ??a??t??. ???e t?p??
??e? ?d?a?te?a ?a?a?t???st???. ?? ????a?e? µe
?aµ??? ßa?µ? e?a??????s?? (t??f?, ?????t??), ??a
p???s??? se pt?t??? s?stat???, ?a????ta? µe
?ap?????? f???a. ?? ????a?e? µe ????? ßa?µ?
e?a??????s?? (ß?t??µe??????? ????a?e? ?a?
a???a??te?), ?a????ta? µe f???a d???? ?ap??.
?a macerals e??a? f?t??? ?p???e?µµata, p??
????? ?p?ste? µe???? e?a??????s?. ???a? ta d?µ???
s?stat??? t?? a???????, a?t?st???a µe ?,t? ta
????t? sta pet??µata. ?? s?µe???e? ?t?, µe t??
p???d? t?? e?a??????s??, ??a ta macerals ??????
t?? ?d?a?te?e? ?d??t?t?? t??? ?a? ep???eta?
?µ??e??p???s? t???. St??? ?????te? ?a?
?p?ß?t??µe???????? ????a?e? ta macerals
d?a??????ta? se t?e?? µe???e? ?at?????e?, t???
???µ???te?, t??? ??pt???te? ?a? t??? ??e?t???te?
?a? se p????? ?p??at?????e?.
50
G????T????S
?at? t?? ?a?s? t?? ?????t?, ?ta? ? ?e?µ???as?a
?pe?ße? t??? 300oC, ta a????a?a s?stat??? ?a? ?
?????t?? µetat??p??ta? se t?f?a. O? t?f?a
??????µe t? ????? p?? µ??e? µet? t?? p???? ?a?s?
t?? a??????? ?a? ?fe??eta? sta d??f??a a????a?a
s?stat??? p?? e???s???ta? st??? ????a?e?, a???
?a? st???, s???de???te? t??? ????a?e?,
a?????/µa???/?aµµ?t????? ??????te?. ?
pe??e?t???t?ta t?? ?????t?? se t?f?a p??????e?,
a??µ? ?a? st? ?d?? t? ???tasµa, ded?µ???? ?t?
e?a?t?ta? ap? t? p?s?st? t?? a?????-µa???-?aµµ?t??
?? ???µ?t?? p?? s?µµet????? st?? e????ss?µe??
?????t?. ? s?µpe??f??? t?? t?f?a? ?at? t??
a??f?e?? t?? ?????t? ??e? µe???? s?µas?a,
ded?µ???? ?t? µp??e? ?a p???a??se? st?µ?s? t??
µ??a??µ?t?? ?a? ate?? ?a?s? t?? ?????t?.
51
G????T????S
? p?? s?????? ??e???? t?? t?f?a? e??a? ? ??e????
t?? s?µe??? t???? t??. ? ??e???? a?t?? ???eta? ??
a???????? ?atas?e???eta? ??a ?????? d???µ?? ap?
t?f?a, t? ?p??? ?e?µa????µe se ?o 1.000oC -
1.600oC (ta??t?ta a???s?? t?? ?e?µ???as?a?
5oC/min ??? 8oC/min). ????????? p??sd???????µe t?
?e?µ???as?a p?? ?f?stata? a??a??? ? ????? 1)
st??????eµa t?? ????f?? t??, 2) ?ta? ap??t? t?
µ?s? ???? t?? (???eta? ?µ?sfa????) ?a? 3) ?ta?
ap??t? t? 1/3 t?? ????? t?? ?µ?sfa?????. ?a
pa?ap??? e?a?t??ta? ap? t?? ????t??????? s?stas?
t?? t?f?a? ?a? ap? t?? s?????e? pe??ß?????t?? t??
?a?s?? (??e?d?t???? ? a?a???????). ????µat?, ?
t?f?a t??eta? se ?????te?e? ?e?µ???as?e?, ?ta? ??
s?????e? e??a? ??e?d?t????, ded?µ???? ?t? ?
s?d???? e???s?eta? ?p? t?? t??s?e?? t?? µ??f?
(p???? d?st??t??). ?e ß?s? t?? t?f?a ep? ?????
(se ?????te?, d??., p?? ??e? afa??e?e?, se
p??????µe?? f?s?, ? ???as?a), ?? ?????te?
d?a??????ta? se ?, ?, G ?a? ?, µe 20, 20-30,
30-37 ?a? 37-50 p?s?st? t?f?a?, a?t?st???a.
52
G????T????S
??a ?a?a?t???st??? ?d??t?ta t?? a??????? e??a? ?
?e?µ?????? t??? d??aµ? ?a? e?f???eta? se
Kcal/Kgr. ? ?e?µ?????? d??aµ? d?a????eta? se
a??te?? (?.T.?.) ?a? ?at?te?? (?.T.?.) ?a?
µet??ta? se de??µata ?? ????? ?a? se de??µata
ep? ?????. ???a??µe??? t?? ?????a? t??
?????t?, a????eta? ? ?e?µ?????? t?? d??aµ? ?a? ?
pe??e?t???t?t? t?? se CO2, CH4, e??, a?t??eta,
e?att??eta? ? pe??e?t???t?t? t?? se ???as?a.
?ata??µ? t?? ?a?a??????? t?? ???
?a µe?a??te?a ???t?sµata ?a?a??????? st? ??
d?µ?????????a? ?at? t? ???a???a??f??? ?a? t?
???µ?? ?a? st? s????e?a, ?at? t? ????as??? ?a? t?
?a?a???e???.
53
G????T????S ??S ??????S
?? 85 t?? ?????t?, st? ???a µa?, ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
??a t?? pa?a???? ??e?t????? e????e?a? (?a??pte?
t? 75 t?? e?e??e?a??? a?a????). ?? ?p????p? 15
???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?? pa?a???? ?????t?s?????
??a µeta??????????? s??p???, ?? ?a?s?µ? ??? ??a
???µa?s?, st?? pa?as?e?? a??t????? ??pasµ?t??,
?.?.p. ???? ?? ?a?????a?e? (t??f? - ?????t?? -
?p?ß?t??µe??????? ????a?e?) p?? apa?t??? st??
????da e??a? ?a????????? ?????a? ?a? ap?t????a?
se ??µ?e?, e??de?? pe??????, d??ta p?taµ?? ?a? se
pa???t?e? pe?????? ?a??ss??? ?e?a???. ??
sp??da??te?e? ?????t?f??e? ?e???e? e??a? e?e??e?
t?? ?t??eµa?da?, t?? ?e?a??p????, t?? ???µa? ?a?
t?? F?????a?. ? ?????t?? d?a????eta? se t??f?d?
?????t? (t? 25 t?? ap??eµ?t?? t?? ???a?), se
?????t? s.str (t? 64) ?a? se ?p?ß?t??µe??????
?????t? (t? 11). ?p?ß?t??µe??????? ????a?e?,
apa?t??? st?? ??e?a?d???p???, ??????, G?eße?? ?a?
e??a? p??? ?a??? p???t?ta?, a??? µ?????
??????µ???? s?µas?a?, ???? t?? pe?????sµ????
ap??eµ?t??. St??? F???pp??? apa?t? te??st??
???tasµa t??f??.
54
?OI??S??????G??
S???? ???????O? ????????O? ?????????GO? ?????S
G?O??G??O? ???S???O? ??G?S????? ????????G??S
???????G??S ?????S??????G??S
G?????S ??????S

• ???S??S?? ?????S???-??F????????
• ??. ?a????t??a