Journal

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Journal

• A person who cannot live in society, or does not
  need to because he is self-sufficient, is either
  a beast or a god. Aristotle, Politics
• Journal 5 Read the quote and write down your
  reactions, thoughts, and ideas about what it
  says.
• Do you think someone can be without a society?
• Is that level of self-sufficiency possible?
• What does society have to do with it?

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The Basis of Culture
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CULTURE

• Culture generally refers to patterns of human
  activity and the symbolic structures that give
  such activities significance and importance.
• Culture can be defined as all the ways of life
  including arts, beliefs and institutions of a
  population that are passed down from generation
  to generation.
• Manners
• dress
• language
• religion
• rituals
• games
• norms of behavior (such as law and morality)

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CULTURE

• Large societies often have subcultures.
• Subcultures groups of people with distinct sets
  of behavior and beliefs that differentiate them
  from a larger culture of which they are a part.
• The subculture may be distinctive because of the
  age of its members, or by their race, ethnicity,
  class, or gender.

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SOCIETY

• A society is a population of humans characterized
  by patterns of relationships between individuals
  that share a distinctive culture and/or
  institutions.
• Society is an economic, social and industrial
  infrastructure, in which a varied multitude of
  people are a part of.
• Members of a society may be from different ethnic
  groups.
• A society may be a particular ethnic group, such
  as the Saxons, a nation state, such as Bhutan, or
  a broader cultural group, such as a Western
  society.
• The word society may also refer to an organized
  voluntary association of people for religious,
  benevolent, cultural, scientific, political,
  patriotic, or other purpose.

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SOCIETY

• A group of people that form a semi-closed social
  system, in which most interactions are with other
  individuals belonging to the group. Society is
  sometimes contrasted with culture.
• For example, Clifford Geertz has suggested that
  society is the actual arrangement of social
  relations while culture is made up of beliefs and
  symbolic forms.

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SOCIETY

• A society is a group of people who form a
  distinct, evolving system, sharing cultures and
  institutions.
• Thus, the meaning of society is closely related
  to what is considered to be social.
• Implicit in the meaning of society is that its
  members may share some mutual concern or
  interest, a common objective or common
  characteristics.

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Culture? Society? Both?

• Cultures can be found within a society.
• Society is defined by geographical territory.
• Culture is NOT restricted to location.

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Instincts, Reflexes, and Drives

• Instinct unlearned pattern of behavior
• sleeping, disgust, face perception, language
  acquisitions, "fight or flight" and fairness.
• To be considered instinctual, a behavior must
• be automatic - be irresistible -be unmodifiable
• occur at some point in development
• be triggered by some event in the environment, e)
  occur in every member of the species,
• govern behavior for which the organism needs no
  training
• The absence of one or more of these criteria
  indicates that the behavior is not fully
  instinctual.

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Instincts, Reflexes, and Drives

• Some argue that humans have no instincts,
  defining them as a "complex pattern of behavior
  present in every specimen of a particular
  species, that is innate, and that cannot be
  overridden."
• These sociologists argue that drives such as sex
  and hunger cannot be considered instincts, as
  they can be overridden.

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Instincts, Reflexes, and Drives

• Reflexes automatic reaction to physical stimulus
• Achilles reflex, patellar reflex, photic sneeze
  reflex, oculovestibular reflex
• Shivering, blushing, coughing
• Primitive reflexes seen in newborns and not in
  adults

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Instincts, Reflexes, and Drives

• Drives impulse to reduce discomfort
• Eat, drink, associate with others

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Assignment

• READ the section on Sociobiology (pg. 74-75).
• Pick a position (nature vs. nurture)
• Culture (nurture)
• Instincts (nature)
• Write down your ideas, reasoning, support.
• No, you may not be in the middle for this
  assignment.