Developmental Theories

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Chapter 2

• Developmental Theories

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Theory A Definition

• A set of interrelated statements that provides an
  explanation for a class of events.

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Psychoanalytic Theories

• The view that personality is fashioned
  progressively as the individual passes through
  various psychosexual stages
• Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
• Three states of being id, superego, ego

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Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development

• The Role of the Unconscious
• Psychosexual Stages
• Fixation

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Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages of Development

• Epigenetic Principle
• Stages pose tasks and crises that individuals
  must struggle through.
• Personality development takes place throughout
  the entire life span.

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Eriksons Nine Stages

• Trust vs. mistrust
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Initiative vs. guilt
• Industry vs. inferiority
• Identity vs. identity confusion
• Intimacy vs. isolation
• Generativity vs. stagnation
• Integrity vs. despair
• Despair vs. hope and faith

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Behavioral Theory

• Concerned with observable behavior what people
  do and say.
• Behavior divided into units responses
• Environment divided into units stimuli
• Also called learning theory

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Classical Conditioning

• Process of stimulus substitution in which a new,
  previously neutral stimulus is substituted for
  the stimulus that naturally elicits a response

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Operant Conditioning

• A type of learning in which the consequences of a
  behavior alter the strength of that behavior

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Behavior Modification

• Pathological behavior is acquired through
  learning.
• The way to eliminate an unwanted behavior is to
  stop reinforcing it.

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Cognitive Theory

• Cognition Acts or processes of knowing
• Representing, organizing, treating, and
  transforming information as we devise our
  behavior.

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Jean Piaget

• Cognitive Stages in Development Sequential
  periods in the growth or maturing of an
  individuals ability to think--to gain knowledge,
  self-awareness, and awareness of the environment.

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Cognitive Stages in Development

• Sensorimotor
• Preoperational
• Concrete
• Formal

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Cognitive Learning and Information Processing

• Cognitive Learning (Bandura, Mischel, Rosenthal
  and Zimmerman)
• Imitation of behavior of socially competent
  models
• Self-Efficacy
• Use of symbols

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Ecological Theory

• Centers on the relationship between the
  developing individual and the changing
  environment.
• Focus on the relationship between the person and
  the environment .

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Sociocultural Theory

• Development (Vygotsky)
• Determined by the activity of groups
• a.Child interacts with other persons
• b.Assimilates social aspects of activity
• c.Takes information and internalizes it
• d. Social values become personal values

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Controversies

• Different tasks call for different theories

• Mechanistic Model Focuses on the universe as a
  machine composed of elementary particles in
  motion
• Continuity Learning is cumulative, building on
  itself.

• Organismic Model Focuses on the universe as a
  whole
• Discontinuity Individual is seen as passing
  through stages.

• Eclectic Approach Selects from the various
  theories

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Nature Versus Nature

• The Which Question
• The How Much Question
• The How Question

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Behavioral Genetics

• Jerome Kagan Timidity Studies
• The Minnesota Twin Project
• Polygenic inheritance

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Evolutionary Adaptation Theory

• Natural Selection (Charles Darwin)
• Ethology
• Releasing Stimuli
• Imprinting
• Critical Period
• Sensitive Period