History of psychology

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History of psychology
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CHARLES DARWIN 1809-1882 Published theory of
evolution in 1859
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Charles Darwin

• Was an English biologist - psychology not a
  science at that time
• Darwins writings inspired others to study
  animals in an attempt to understand humans better
• Published Origin of Species- 1859 and
• The Descent of Man - 1871

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Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

• Father of Psychology
• German philosopher and psychologist
• Started the first laboratory for studying humans
  in 1879
• Trained people to describe in detail all
  sensations they received from objects that they
  came in contact with
• The information was collected and analyzed

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Wundt used technique of introspection
The process of looking inside oneself and
describing what one feels, thinks, remembers.
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• This approach still used today in clinical
  psychology
• Wundt believed that people could use
  introspection to learn about themselves

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JAMES
WUNDT
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WILLIAM JAMES 1842-1910

• American philosopher considered to be one
• of the founders of American psychology
• Wanted to understand how the mind functioned to
  help people adapt to their environment rather
  than just describe it
• Humans should be studied as complete wholes
• Wrote a voluminous textbook on psychology

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UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR

• PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
• BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
• HUMANISTIC APPROACH
• COGNITIVE APPROACH
• NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACH
• SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH

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SIGMUND FREUD FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
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• SIGMUND FREUD
• 1856-1939
• Austrian physician
• Emphasized the
• power of un-
• conscious conflicts
• and early childhood
• experiences
• Developed one of
• the first theories of
• personality

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PSYCHOANALYSIS

• Unconscious urges
• Hidden aggressive tendencies
• Sexual impulses
• Childhood experiences
• Suppressed memories
• Fantasies
• THESE UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES CONTROL MUCH OF OUR
  BEHAVIOR

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• Freud used hypnosis, then free association and
  interpretation of dreams to learn about the
  unconscious.
• Free association saying whatever comes to your
  mind without fear of judgment.

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• ID CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS
• AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND
• AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATED
• IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF
• MIND
• SUPEREGO- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS
• OUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSES
• GUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDE
• FOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGS

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• EGO- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS
• CONTROLLED ID EXPRESSION
• WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF
• THE SUPEREGO.
• The unconscious can surface in
• our dreams, through free association, and our
  ego which
• allows the expression of the ID.
• (Dance of the Boxes)

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OEDIPUS COMPLEX/ELECTRA COMPLEX

• Occurs during the phallic stage of
• childhood development
• The child develops sexual fantasies of
• the parent of the opposite sex and
• resentment and a feeling of
• competition with the parent of the
• same sex.

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Freuds theory of child development

• Refer to pp. 395-396 for more on this
  controversial theory.

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SEDUCTION THEORY

• HYSTERIA IN ADULTS WAS DUE TO
• ABUSES (PRIMARILY SEXUAL) THAT
• OCCURRED IN CHILDHOOD.
• LATER CHANGED THEORY AND SAID
• THAT THESE ABUSES MAY HAVE BEEN
• FANTASIES OF SEXUAL ABUSE
• RATHER THAN ACTUAL ABUSES.

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DEFENSE MECHANISMS

• Freud believed that the ego, trying to balance
  the pressures from the id, superego and external
  forces, uses defense mechanisms .
• When threatened or under stress, we do our best
  to keep some kind of balance.
• We all use defense mechanisms, however, they can
  be used too often.

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DEFENSE MECHANISMS

• Repression
• Denial
• Displacement
• Reaction formation
• Intellectualization
• Identification with the aggressor
• Regression
• Projection
• Sublimation
• Rationalization

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ENTER THE BEHAVIORISTS
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BEHAVIORISM

• Learned behavior through rewards and
  punishments-positive and negative reinforcements,
  associations
• Emphasis on observable behavior
• Our behavior is more influenced by consequences
  (positive or negative) rather
• than free will.
• Much of our learning is through conditioning

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IVAN PAVLOV-(1849-1936)
Not a psychologist, but a Russian
physiologist Major contributor to
modern psychology.

• Learned important principles of conditioning
  through his experiments with dogs (initially
  investigating the role of saliva in digestion)

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• Learned important principles of conditioning
  through his experiments with dogs (investigating
  the role of saliva in digestion)

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JOHN B. WATSON 1878-1958

• One of the first to study the impact of learning
  on human emotion
• Believed that we are what we learn to be
• Wrote a book on child rearing
• Watson believed that behavior NOT the mind should
  be the focus of psychology
• Conducted controversial learning by association
  experiment on Little Albert

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JOHN WATSON

• Founder of behaviorism
• Did not believe that psychologist should
• concentrate on consciousness or mental
• processes, but on observable behavior.

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EXPERIMENT ON CONDITIONING CONDUCTED ON LITTLE
ALBERT 9-11 MONTHS OLD BY WATSON IN THE 1920S
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DRINK COORS LIGHT !
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B. F. SKINNER 1904-1990

• Believed we are controlled by our environment and
  become whatever the environment forces us to be
• Must focus on observable behavior
• Automated his experiments and designed the now
  famous Skinner Box a sound proof chamber with
  a bar or key than an animal presses or pecks to
  release food or a reward

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B.F.SKINNER

• Invented the operant chamber which became known
  as the Skinner Box
• Coined the term operant behavior which
• refers to behaviors that operate upon the
  environment to generate consequences

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Mr. and Mrs. Skinner view daughter, Debbie, In
box.
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HUMANISM

• Carl Rogers believed that people had within
• themselves the resources for self-under-
• standing and the ability to alter their self-

concept, attitudes, and behavior with the
proper nurturing and environment. People are
basically good.
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• CARL ROGERS
• 1902-1987
• HUMANIST
• Believed the en-
• vironment does not
• force us to do any-
• thing.
• Maintained that
• people are basically
• good

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• ROGERS
• We are in control of our own destinies
• Can exercise free will to make changes
• in our lives
• With the right nurturing, we can reach our
• highest potential
• Emphasized importance of self-esteem

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Humanism (continued)

• Being understood and valued gives us the freedom
  to grow. Used unconditional
• positive regard in his therapy.
• His approach revolutionized therapy. Rogers
  techniques became known as
• Rogerian therapy (client-centered)
• Abraham Maslow was another psychologist
• who supported the humanistic approach.

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ABRAHAM MASLOW (Humanist) DEVELOPED
IDEA OF HIERARCHY OF NEEDS WITH THE HIGHEST
LEVEL OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT BEING SELF-ACTUALIZ
ATION pp. 140-142 in textbook
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COGNITIVE (THINKING)

• Belief that our thoughts and internal sentences
  are key motivators for behavior.
• Irrational thinking such as overgeneralizing,
• jumping to conclusions, labeling, and
• mental filters lead to socially and
• psychologically destructive behavior.

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JEAN PIAGET (1896-1980)
ALBERT ELLIS (1913-2007)
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IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT OUR BEHAVIOR

• All or nothing thinking
• Overgeneralization
• Mental filter
• Disqualifying the positive
• Jumping to conclusions
• Exaggerating or minimizing
• Emotional reasoning
• Should statements
• Labeling and mislabeling

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NEUROBIOLOGICAL

• Emphasizes physical changes or conditions in our
  bodies when explaining behavior
• brain chemistry, glandular system, nervous
• system, genes, and any other systems
• operating in the body.

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SOCIOCULTURAL

• Focuses on the impact of cultural considerations
  including
• racial and ethnic background
• traditions
• religion
• family customs
• expectations in society.

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Evolutionary perspective

• Explores how the natural selection of traits and
  behavior promotes the perpetuation of certain
  genes which insure survival.

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Behavior Genetics

• Focuses on the impact of genes on how we interact
  with our environment.
• Studies how genes contribute to our intelligence,
  personality, sexual orientation, and
  vulnerability to mental or physical problems

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ECLECTICISM IN PSYCHOLOGY

THE INTEGRATED USE OF TECHNIQUES FROM
DIFFERENT PSYCHOTHERAPIES.