Pathogens and Immunizations

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Pathogens and Immunizations
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What is a pathogen?

• Disease- causing biological agent
• Includes
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protists
• Parasites

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How are pathogens transmitted?

• Passing the pathogen from one person to another
• Many methods of transmission
• Direct contact
• Droplet contact
• Indirect contact
• Airborne
• Fecal-oral
• Vector

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Eliminating Disease A brief history

• 200 B.C. smallpox immunizations in China
  India
• 1849 John Snow cholera spread by contaminated
  drinking water
• 1856 William Budd typhoid fever is contagious
• 1881 Louis Pasteur first effective vaccine
  against anthrax
• 1928 Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
• 1980 Smallpox eradicated
• 1991 Cholera epidemic

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Vaccines

• Antigenic preparation used to establish immunity
  to a disease
• Can be prophylactic or therapeutic

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Types of Vaccines

• Current
• Inactivated
• Live, attenuated
• Toxoids
• Subunit
• In development
• Conjugate
• Recombinate vector
• DNA vaccination

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Developing Immunity

• Immune system recognizes foreign agents and
  destroys them
• Then remembers them
• Responds by
• Neutralizing
• destroying

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Vaccinations available for

• Smallpox
• Rubella
• Polio
• Measles
• Mumps
• Chickenpox
• typhoid

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Recommended childhood vaccinations

• Hepatitis B
• Diptheria
• Tetanus
• Acellular pertussis
• Haemophilius influenza type B
• Polio
• Pneumococcal conjugate
• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella
• Varicella
• Hepatitis A

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Controversy

• Perservatives
• Adverse side affects
• Not guaranteed