BLOOD

1
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood group

2
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood group

3
Body fluid

• 40 solid matter
• - 60 of fluid
• - 2\3 intracellular
• - 1\3 extracellular
• - 80 interstitial
• - 20 circulation

4
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood group

5
Blood Functions

• 1. transport nutrients to cells and remove
  wastes.
• 2. regulation of temperature, pH, osmotic
  pressure, glucose, calcium...
• 3. protection fight infection (white blood
  cells)

6
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood group

7
Hematocrit
8
Hematocrit
9
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• a- Plasma
• b- Formed elements
• b1- Erythrocyte
• b2- Leukocyte
• b3- Thrombocyte
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood group

10
Plasma composition

• plasma - yellowish clear liquid, composed of
  water, proteins and other solutes.
• Water 90
• Proteins (all synthesized by the liver)
  (almost 10)
• Albumin 54, regulates osmotic pressure
• Globulins 38, alpha and beta globulins in
  transport, gamma globulins in defense
  (antibodies)
• Fibrinogen 7, coagulation
• Other solutes (less than 1)
• Electrolytes - Na, K, Ca, Mg
• Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids,
  monoglycerides ...
• Gases - O2, N2, CO2
• Regulatory substance - hormones, enzymes
• Vitamins
• Wastes
•  

11
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• a- Plasma
• b- Formed elements (hematopoiesis)
• b1- Erythrocyte
• b2- Leukocyte
• b3- Thrombocyte
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood group

12
Hematopoiesis
13
Blood cells Formed Elements
14
Erythrocytes

• 99 of formed elements
• bag" filled with hemoglobin (15g/100ml of blood)
• about 4 to 5 millions RBC per mm3 blood
• Carry oxygen
•    

15
Erythropoiesis

• In red bone marrow (all hematopoiesis)
• Hemocytoblast ? Reticulocyte (nucleated)
• Last stage erythrocytes (lost nucleus)

16
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• a- Plasma
• b- Formed elements
• b1- Erythrocyte
• b2- Leukocyte
• b3- Thrombocyte
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood group

17
Hemoglobin

• Globin Heme
• Globin 2 alpha 2 beta chains
• Heme porphyrin ring Fe
• Carry oxygen to tissues

18
Life cycle of a RBC
19
Factors influencing RBC synthesis

• Presence of nutrients
• Proteins ? globin
• Iron
• vitamin B-12 (found in food)
• Intrinsic factor
• secreted in stomach
• promotes absorption of Vit B-12 in the duodenum
  
• deficit? pernicious anemia
• erythropoietin
• hormone synthesized by kidney
• decreased blood O2 stimulates secretion of
  erythropoietin by the kidney.
• stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs
• Applications altitude sickness - athlete
  training - blood doping

20
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• a- Plasma
• b- Formed elements
• b1- Erythrocyte
• b2- Leukocyte
• b3- Thrombocyte
• III- Hemostasis
• - Vasospasm
• b- Platelet plug formation
• c- Coagulation
• d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
• IV- Blood group
• a- ABO blood group
• b- Rhesus blood group

21
Leukopoiesis
22
Leukocytes

• granular leukocytes
• - neutrophils - 70 - phagocytosis of
  bacteria, debris work within the blood
  vessels
• - Eosinophils - 3 - destroy parasites
• - Basophils - allergic reactions (mast cells in
  tissues)
• agranular leukocytes
• - lymphocytes - 20, form antibodies
• B-lymph (bone marrow)
• T-lymph (bone gt thymus)
• - monocytes - phagocytosis of bacteria and
  debris (macrophages in tissues)
•  

23
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• a- Plasma
• b- Formed elements
• b1- Erythrocyte
• b2- Leukocyte
• b3- Thrombocyte
• III- Hemostasis
• - Vasospasm
• b- Platelet plug formation
• c- Coagulation
• d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
• IV- Blood group
• a- ABO blood group
• b- Rhesus blood group

24
Thrombocytes - Platelets

• Derived from megakaryoblasts
• Bits of cytoplasm
• Full of chemical
• 200 000 mm3
• Role Platelet plug formation

25
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• a- Plasma
• b- Formed elements
• b1- Erythrocyte
• b2- Leukocyte
• b3- Thrombocyte
• III- Hemostasis
• a- Vasospasm
• b- Platelet plug formation
• c- Coagulation
• d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
• IV- Blood group
• a- ABO blood group
• b- Rhesus blood group

26
Hemostasis

• Definition Ability of the body to stop bleeding.
  
• Four phases
• 1- Vasospasm
• 2- Platelet plug formation
• 3- Coagulation
• 4- Clot Retraction

27
Step 1 Vasospasm

• Local effect
• Reflex
• Due to smooth vessels in blood vessels
• Goal to decrease amount of bleeding

28
Step 2 Platelet plug

• Platelets
• - change shape
• - become sticky
• - release chemicals
• - among them serotonin

29
Step 3 Coagulation

• Transform fibrinogen into strand of fibrin
• Two pathways
• Extrinsic pathway
• Intrinsic pathway

30
Extrinsic and Intrinsic coagulation pathways
31
BLOOD

• A - BODY FLUIDS
• B - BLOOD
• I- Function
• II- Composition
• III- Hemostasis
• IV- Blood groups

32
Blood Types

• Many blood types
• Due to proteins present on the surface on the RBC
• In some case, presence of antibodies in the
  plasma
• Examples ABO, Rh, MN

33
(No Transcript)
34
Rh blood type

• Rh
• -Rh protein present on the RBCs
• - no antibody ever present in the plasma
• Rh -
• no protein on the RBCs, no antibody anti-Rh in
  the blood BUT the person can manufacture them if
  they are exposed to them
• RH more common (85)

35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
Readings

• Chp 15
• Entire chp blood groups (seen in class)