Pernicious Anemia

1
Pernicious Anemia

• By Richard Glover

2
Introduction
3
Pernicious Anemia

• Anemia is not having enough healthy red blood
  cells resulting in a decreased amount of oxygen
  to cells of the body.
• Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the
  body does not make enough red blood cells due to
  a lack of vitamin B12 in the body.
• It usually occurs in people whose bodies have
  lost the ability to absorb vitamin B12 from food.

4
Causes

• Insufficient dietary vitamin B12 intake
• Autoimmune disorders
• Crohns Disease-intestinal

5
Diagnosis

• Blood Test
• Red blood cells
• B12
• Schillings Test
• IM injection Radio labeled B12
• Urine test
• Urine test with intrinsic factor

6
Symptoms

• Shortness of breath
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Tingling
• Coldness
• Fatigue

7
People at Risks

• Women 1.6  1 higher-after age 60
• Hereditary component
• Northern European ancestry
• Large losses in blood

8
Treatment

• Hydroxycobalamin
• Methylcobalamin
• Cyanocobalamin
• Nascobal

9
Structure of B12
10
Center of Reactivity

• Cyano group (-CN)
• Hydroxyl group (-OH),
• Methyl group (-CH3)

11
Drug Discovery

• 1.) George Whipple
• 2.) George Minot and William Murphy
• 3.) Dorothy Hodgkin

12
Synthesis by Robert Woodward and Albert Eschmoser

• Not by animals or plants
• By bacteria
• Archaea

13
Drug

• Mechanism
• Administration
• Doses
• IM 100 micro per month 10cc vials10.00 10 month
  supply
• Capsule 1000 micro per day
• Nasal 500 micro weekly
• Sublingual 2500 micro daily
• Treatment time- Lifetime

14
Effects

• Drug Side Effects
• Pain in spot of injection
• Excess is not harmful
• Not enough equals decrease oxygen
• Brain
• Body parts
• Heart-murmurs, heart failure
• Nerves-Tingling, numbness, problems with walking
  and balance, changes in taste, smell, and vision,
  mental changes, including memory loss and
  confusion

15
Effects Continued

• Digestive changes to the surface of the tongue
  and shrinking or thinning of the stomach
  lining-stomach cancer

16
Conclusion

• Non curable
• Normal life
• Genetic
• Problematic without medication